Exposure to ,'-DDE Induces Morphological Changes and Activation of the PKC-p38-C/EBP Pathway in Human Promyelocytic HL-60 Cells.

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (,'-DDE), the most persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), is still present in the human population. Both are present in the bone marrow of patients with bone marrow disorders, but thus far there are no studies that assess the capability of ,'-DDE to affect myeloid cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ,'-DDE on promyelocytic cell differentiation and intracellular pathways related to this event.

TLR4 is a target of environmentally relevant concentration of lead.

Lead (Pb) alters the susceptibility to different pathogens suggesting that macrophage-mediated defense mechanisms, through activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), may be affected by Pb. The aim of this study was to test whether activation of TLR4 is a targeted molecule to the effect of environmentally relevant Pb concentrations (0.05, 0.