Route of administration significantly affects particle deposition and cellular recruitment.

Lung exposures to dusts, pollutants, and other aerosol particulates are known to be associated with pulmonary diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. These health impacts are attributed to the ability of aerosol components to induce pulmonary inflammation, which promotes tissue remodeling, including fibrosis, tissue degradation, and smooth muscle proliferation. Consequently, the distribution of these effects can have a significant impact on the physiologic function of the lung.

Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Mitigates Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in the Liver and Spleen.

Background: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for a fifth of all () infections worldwide. The rise of multidrug resistance in alongside the hepatotoxicity associated with antibiotics presents challenges in managing and treating tuberculosis (TB), thereby prompting a need for new therapeutic approaches. Administration of liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) has previously been shown to lower oxidative stress, enhance a granulomatous response, and reduce the burden of in the lungs of -infected mice.

Additive Effects of Cyclic Peptide [R4W4] When Added Alongside Azithromycin and Rifampicin against Infection.

(), a type of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), poses a risk for pulmonary infections and disseminated infections in immunocompromised individuals. Conventional treatment consists of a 12-month regimen of the first-line antibiotics rifampicin and azithromycin. However, the treatment duration and low antibiotic tolerability present challenges in the treatment of infection.

L-GSH Supplementation in Conjunction With Rifampicin Augments the Treatment Response to in a Diabetic Mouse Model.

Both active tuberculosis (TB) and asymptomatic latent () infection (LTBI) cause significant health burdens to humans worldwide. Individuals with immunocompromising health conditions, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), have a weakened ability to control infection and are more susceptible to reactivation of LTBI to active diseases. T2DM cases are known to have glutathione (GSH) deficiency and impaired immune cell function, including the granulomatous response to infection.

Liposomal Glutathione Helps to Mitigate Infection in the Lungs.

(), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is responsible for causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially among individuals with compromised immune systems. We have previously shown that the supplementation of liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) reduces viability and enhances a Th-1 cytokine response, promoting granuloma formation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. However, the effects of L-GSH supplementation in modulating the immune responses in the lungs during an active infection have yet to be explored.

Effects of Glutathione Diminishment on the Immune Responses against Infection.

, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to be a global health burden. We have reported that patients with marked deficiency in the production of glutathione (GSH) had impaired granulomatous effector responses against infection, which were restored when supplementing patients with liposomal GSH (lGSH). However, the effects of GSH deficiency in the lung parenchyma in altering granuloma formation and effector responses against infection remain unexplored.

Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems.

Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g.

Everolimus-induced effector mechanism in macrophages and survivability of Erdman, CDC1551 and HN878 strains of infection.

With a disease as widespread and destructive as tuberculosis, more effective drugs and healthcare strategies, in addition to the current antibiotics regimen, are crucial for the enhanced well-being of millions of people suffering from the disease. Host-directed therapy is a new and emerging concept in treating chronic infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. Repurposing of anti-cancer drugs, such as everolimus, may be an effective way to supplement the standard antibiotic treatment.