Expression of an X-Ray Irradiated EGFP-Expressing Plasmid Transfected into Nonirradiated Human Cells.

To investigate the repairability of X-ray induced DNA damage, particularly non-double-strand breaks in living cells, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing plasmids X-ray irradiated and then transfected into nonirradiated human cells, MCF7 and MCF10A. Live-cell imaging of EGFP fluorescence was performed to measure the efficiency of plasmid repair in cells. The number of EGFP-expressing cells significantly decreased with increasing X-ray dose for both cell lines.

VISUALIZATION OF THE DNA REPAIR PROCESS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS TRANSFECTED WITH EGFP-EXPRESSING PLASMID DNA AFTER EXPOSURE TO X-RAYS IN VITRO.

To investigate the repair process of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in isolation from various types of cytoplasmic damage, we transfected X-irradiated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing plasmid DNA into non-irradiated mammalian cells using lipofectamine. The repair kinetics of the irradiated plasmids in the cells were visualized under microscopy as the EGFP fluorescence emitted by transfected cells. Using an agarose gel electrophoresis method, the yields of single- and double-strand breaks of the plasmids were also quantified.

Effect of full feed and early feed restriction on broiler performance, abdominal fat level, cellularity, and fat metabolism in broiler chickens.

Three hundred sixty Peterson x Arbor Acres chicks were fed two feed regimens to compare their effects on adipose cellularity, adipocyte lipolysis, hepatic glucose oxidation, adipocyte lipogenesis, bird performance, and abdominal fat level. Broilers in the first regimen had ad libitum access to feed throughout the 7-wk experiment, whereas broilers in the second regimen consumed feed at will throughout the experiment except that they were subjected to feed restriction (1.49 kcal/g BW2/3 daily) from 7 to 12 d of age (DOA).

Performance of single comb White Leghorn layers fed corn-soybean meal and barley-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with a direct-fed microbial.

An experiment was conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) layers to determine the effect of feeding either corn-soybean meal (C-S) or barley-corn soybean meal (B-C-S) diets with or without condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS) or with or without CCMS-1,100 mg Lactobacillus (Lacto)/kg (ppm) diet on performance, nutrient retentions, digesta passage rate, and histological changes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Six dietary treatments were fed for eight 28-d periods and consisted of C-S (control), C-S + CCMS, C-S + CCMS-1,100 ppm Lacto (4.4 x 107 cfu/mg Lacto), B-C-S (control), B-C-S + CCMS, and B-C-S + CCMS-1,100 ppm Lacto.

Production variables and nutrient retention in single comb White Leghorn laying pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials.

Two experiments were carried out for six and seven 28-d periods, respectively, with DeKalb XL Single Comb White Leghorn laying pullets to ascertain the effect of feeding 1,100 mg Lactobacillus (Lacto)/kg diet (ppm) and 2,200 ppm Lacto diets, and the supplementation of these diets with 1 and 3% fat, on layer performance and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus retention. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal (C-S) control, C-S plus condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS)-1,100 ppm Lacto (4.4 x 10(7) cfu/mg Lacto), and C-S plus CCMS-2,200 ppm Lacto (8.

Phytase activity, phosphorus and calcium retention, and performance of single comb White Leghorn layers fed diets containing two levels of available phosphorus and supplemented with direct-fed microbials.

The presence of phytase activities in condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS) and CCMS-Lactobacillus (Lacto) were determined. Single Comb White Leghorn layers were fed .25 and .

Dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids and tissue distribution of copper and vitamin A in broiler chickens.

The effect of feeding a diet containing 5% tansy ragwort (TR) (Senecio jacobaea), a poisonous plant containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), on the blood and liver levels of copper, zinc, iron and vitamin A in broiler chicks was examined. Serum and liver copper and liver iron concentrations were increased in chicks fed a diet with 5% TR, while serum and liver zinc and vitamin A decreased. When PA were removed from the diet, partial restoration of normal serum vitamin A level occurred, indicating that the ability to mobilize liver vitamin A is not irreversibly inhibited by PA.

Comparative effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1242, on porphyrin and xenobiotic metabolism in kidney of Japanese quail and rat.

1. Aroclor 1242 (500 mg/kg, p.o.

The broiler chicken as a model for immunotoxicity assessment. 1. Standardization of in vitro immunological assays.

The broiler chicken was developed as an alternative animal model to laboratory rodents for immunotoxicologic assessment. In vivo treatment with 100-200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) was used as a known immunosuppressive treatment to standardize the assay systems. Protocols for assessing specific immunological functions were developed in specific pathogen-free (SPF) broilers to measure lymphocyte blastogenesis to T-cell (concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin) and B-cell (Staphylococcus aureus cells) mitogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and serum antibody titers to SRBC.

Toxicity of excess dicalcium phosphate in the diet of turkey poults.

High mortality in 1-week-old commercial turkey poults was attributed to the accidental substitution of dicalcium phosphate in the diet for corn. At necropsy of the affected birds, lesions were observed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, suggesting acute ingestion of a caustic substance. Mortality and gross and microscopic lesions were reproduced experimentally in turkey poults fed diets similar to the diet fed in the field case.

Reproductive performance of medium white breeder toms fed diets with varying metabolizable energy levels and 7% crude protein.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding diets composed of triticale (var: Flora) with varying ME levels and 7% CP on fertilizing capacity and semen quality of Medium White breeder toms. Thirty-nine breeder toms were fed ad libitum from 30 to 54 wk of age one of four dietary treatments: 14% CP with 2,892 kcal ME/kg; 7% CP with 2,919 kcal ME/kg; 7% CP with 2,719 kcal ME/kg; and 7% CP with 2,539 kcal ME/kg. Semen volume (SV), packed spermatozoa volume (PSCV), BW, testicular weight (TW), and fertilizing capacity of semen were measured.

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on porphyrin synthesis and cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases in small intestine and liver of Japanese quail.

The effects of acute exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on porphyrin synthesis and cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases in the small intestine and liver were studied in male Japanese quail. The birds were dosed orally with the PCB mixture, Aroclor 1242, or the individual PCB isomers, 2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2-TCB) and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (3-TCB), and were killed 48 h later. All the PCB compounds caused a significant increase in porphyrin content and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S) activity in the small intestine and liver.

Accumulation rate in the whole blood of market turkeys fed prophylactic and therapeutic levels of sulfadimethoxine.

A study was conducted to determine the accumulation of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in the blood of market turkeys. Fifty-two 12-week-old female turkeys were fed SDM at either prophylactic or therapeutic levels, .00625 and .

An on-farm method for determination of sulfonamide drug residues in turkeys. 1. An agar-diffusion analysis for sulfadimethoxine in whole blood.

A simple and inexpensive sulfonamide-screening test was evaluated using turkeys. An agar-diffusion procedure was developed to estimate the levels of sulfonamides in the edible tissues of turkeys by determining the drug level in whole blood. The analysis was adapted for use on whole blood that was easily collected from live birds on the farm with minimal equipment and skill.

Duration of exposure--histological effects on broiler lungs, performance, and house environment with Mt. St. Helens' volcanic ash dust.

Fourteen hundred broilers were exposed to Mt. St. Helens' volcanic ash (VA) dust (D) from 28 to 49 days of age to correlate the duration of exposure time to histological effect on lungs and to determine the effects on broiler performance and house environment.

Effects of chlorobenzenes on hepatic porphyrin and drug metabolism in chick embryo and day-old chick.

Administration of monochlorobenzene (MCB), p-dichlorobenzene (DCB), or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) at single doses of 800 mg/kg produced an increase in the total porphyrin content of liver of day-old chicks. Porphyrinogenic activity was higher in DCB- and TCB-treated chicks than in MCB-treated chicks. Administration of any of these compounds to chick embryos (40 mg/egg) failed to produce an induction of liver porphyrins.

Studies on the porphyrinogenic action of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in birds.

The porphyrinogenic action of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) was examined in 17-day-old embryos, day-old chicks, 18-day-old chickens and adult Japanese quail. The quail was found to be the most sensitive species towards TCB induced porphyria whereas the chick embryo was totally non-responsive. The liver porphyrins of Japanese quail were increased in a dose-dependent manner 1 day after TCB.

Differential induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in Japanese quail by 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.

The effects of single oral administration of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), 200, 400, 800 or 1600 mg/kg, and of daily oral administration of TCB, 400 mg/kg, for 3 consecutive days, on components of the microsomal monooxygenase system, glutathione, and the activities of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in Japanese quail liver were studied. Cytochromes P-450 and b5 contents of liver microsomes and the activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase (7-ERD) and glutathione S-transferase were significantly increased 1 day after administration of single doses of TCB. Liver GSH and 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase (7-ECD) activity were unchanged.

Anticoccidial drugs and duckling performance to four weeks of age.

Frequently, publications pertaining to waterfowl state that medicated feeds should not be fed to ducklings and goslings. In some localities, producers and hobbyists who raise a small number of ducklings and goslings can purchase only medicated chick, turkey, or gamebird starter and grower feeds. Because of the lack of documented information on this subject and the numerous requests for advice on this matter, anticoccidial drugs, zoalene, sulfaquinoxaline, and amprolium, were mixed in mash feed and fed to Khaki Campbell male ducklings to 4 weeks of age.

Distribution of inorganic elements of poultry house dust.

Distribution of inorganic elements was measured in poultry house dust from five types of poultry houses during either winter, spring, or summer. With varied environmental conditions at the time of sampling, the levels of calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, magnesium, and aluminum were higher than the other elements found in dust samples from the five types of poultry houses. The most abundant element in poultry house dust was calcium.

True metabolizable energy values of corn and different varieties of wheat and barley using normal and dwarf single comb White Leghorn Roosters.

An experiment with four trials was conducted to measure the true metabolizable energy value of corn and different varieties of wheat and barley using normal and dwarf Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) roosters. Maxigene, Purple, Red, and Yamhill wheats and corn were assayed for TME using normal sized and dwarf roosters in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Hannchen, No.

Accumulation and depletion of zinc in chick tissue metallothioneins.

Two experiments were conducted with Hubbard broiler chicks on the metabolism of high levels of dietary zinc. In the first experiment, chicks were fed a basal diet or the basal diet plus 500, 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm zinc, and in the second experiment chicks were fed the basal diet or the basal diet plus 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 or 16,000 ppm zinc, using zinc acetate. Zinc was found to be associated with 4 peaks when the cytosols from tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas and intestinal mucosa) were eluted through columns of G-75 Sephadex.