Scutellarin Ameliorates Learning and Memory Deficit via Suppressing β-Amyloid Formation and Microglial Activation in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is considered as a pivotal factor of cognitive impairment that occurs in cerebrovascular diseases. This study investigated the ameliorating effect of scutellarin (SCT) on spatial cognitive impairment and β-amyloid (Aβ) formation in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO). SCT is a flavonoid in medicinal herb of Erigeron breviscapus (vant.

Rational Design of in Vivo Tau Tangle-Selective Near-Infrared Fluorophores: Expanding the BODIPY Universe.

The elucidation of the cause of Alzheimer's disease remains one of the greatest questions in neurodegenerative research. The lack of highly reliable low-cost sensors to study the structural changes in key proteins during the progression of the disease is a contributing factor to this lack of insight. In the current work, we describe the rational design and synthesis of two fluorescent BODIPY-based probes, named Tau 1 and Tau 2.

Ginsenoside Rg3 Improves Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury in Rats via Suppression of Neuronal Apoptosis, Pro-Inflammatory Mediators, and Microglial Activation.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating medical conditions; however, currently, there are no effective pharmacological interventions for SCI. Ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) is one of the protopanaxadiols that show anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effect of GRg3 following SCI in rats.

Nobiletin improves emotional and novelty recognition memory but not spatial referential memory.

How to maintain and enhance cognitive functions for both aged and young populations is a highly interesting subject. But candidate memory-enhancing reagents are tested almost exclusively on lesioned or aged animals. Also, there is insufficient information on the type of memory these reagents can improve.

Ameliorating the effect of astragaloside IV on learning and memory deficit after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been reported to have a prominent antioxidant effect and was proposed as a promising agent for the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders accompanied by cognitive impairment. The present study investigated the ameliorating effect of AS-IV on learning and memory deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Rats were treated with two doses of AS-IV (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.

Detection of Aβ plaques in mouse brain by using a disaggregation-induced fluorescence-enhancing probe.

We herein report a fluorescence probe 1 capable of detecting water-soluble oligomeric Aβ aggregates and Aβ fibrils. Upon injection into Aβ42-challenged mouse brains, probe 1 shows increased fluorescence intensity, indicating its facile binding to extracellular Aβ fibrils in brain tissues.

α-Asarone Ameliorates Memory Deficit in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice via Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Microglial Activation.

α-Asarone exhibits a number of pharmacological actions including neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anticonvulsive, and cognitive enhancing action. The present study investigated the effects of α-asarone on pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA, microglial activation, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and on learning and memory deficits in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Varying doses of α-asarone was orally administered (7.

Glycyrrhizin alleviates neuroinflammation and memory deficit induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice.

The present study investigated the effects of glycyrrhizin (GRZ) on neuroinflammation and memory deficit in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Varying doses of GRZ was orally administered (10, 30, or 50 mg/kg) once a day for 3 days before the LPS (3 mg/kg) injection. At 24 h after the LPS injection, GRZ significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA at doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg.

Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on microglia activation in spinal cord compression injury of mice.

Secondary mechanisms, including inflammation and microglia activation, serve as targets for the development and application of pharmacological strategies in the management of spinal cord injury (SCI). Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), an active ingredient of Ligusticum wallichii (chuanxiong), has shown anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects against SCI. However, it remains uncertain whether the inflammation-suppressive effects of TMP play a modulatory role over microglia activation in SCI.

Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on neuroinflammation following systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice.

Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is a major ingredient of ginseng and has a wide range of neuroprotection effects. Neuroinflammation is a feature of neurodegenerative conditions and is characterized by microglia activation and the expression of major inflammatory mediators. The present study investigated the modulatory effect of GRb1 on microglia activation, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the brain induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in C57BL/6 mice.

Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates microglia activation following systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice.

Neuroinflammation, characterized by activation of microglia and expression of major inflammatory mediators, contributes to neuronal damage in addition to acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) disease progression. The present study investigated the immune modulatory effects of ginsenoside Rg3, a principle active ingredient in Panax ginseng, on pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia activation in brain tissue induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Systemic LPS treatment induces immediate microglia activation in the brain.

Scutellaria baicalensis attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.

Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the inflammatory response and edema formation in the brain, exacerbating brain damage. The present study evaluated the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis (SR) water extracts on BBB disruption after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. ICH was induced by stereotaxic intrastriatal injection of bacterial type VII collagenase, and SR was administrated orally three times (50 mg/ml/kg) during the 48 h after ICH onset.

Immunomodulatory effect of water extract of cinnamon on anti-CD3-induced cytokine responses and p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and STAT4 activation.

Context: Cinnamon bark is a very popular herb used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders such as chronic gastric symptoms, arthritis, and the common cold.

Objective: The immunomodulatory effect of water extract of cinnamon bark (CWE) on cytokine secretion and involvement of intracellular signaling molecules in activated T cells have been examined.

Materials And Methods: Mice were orally administered CWE for 7 days.

Suppression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by Schizonepeta tenuifolia water extract via inhibition of IkappaBalpha degradation and Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase activation.

Objectives: The anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous extract of Schizonepeta tenuifolia on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vivo and in vitro have been investigated.

Methods: C57BL/6 mice were orally administered phosphate-buffered saline (control) or S. tenuifolia water extract (50, 200, 500 or 1000 mg/kg) for 10 days before intraperitoneal administration of LPS (1.

Regulation of interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-2 by Schizonepeta tenuifolia through differential effects on nuclear factor-kappaB, NFATc2 and STAT4/6.

Contact with antigen on T-cells is made via the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex plus CD28, resulting in the production of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. In particular, dysregulation of IFN-gamma and IL-4 accounts in part for organ-specific autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation and other chronic inflammatory disorders. The dried above-ground parts of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq are used for the treatment of common cold and skin rashes observed in allergic dermatitis, psoriasis and other dermatological disorders in oriental medicine.

Protective effects of Cinnamomum cassia Blume in the fibrogenesis of activated HSC-T6 cells and dimethylnitrosamine-induced acute liver injury in SD rats.

Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CC) is one of the world's oldest natural spices, and is commonly used in traditional oriental medicine. We investigated the protective effect of ethanol extract from Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CCE) on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, we examined the effects of CC powder in Sprague-Dawley rats with acute liver injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN).

Effect of Dipsaci radix on hind limb muscle atrophy of sciatic nerve transected rats.

It was reported that Dipsaci radix (DR) has a reinforcement effect on the bone-muscle dysfunction in the oriental medical classics and the experimental animal studies. The muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve of the rats. Water-extract of DR was used as treatment once a day for 12 days.

Protective effects of natrii sulfas on cerebral focal ischemia induced by MCAO in rats.

This study examined the effect of Natrii sulfas, a treatment for stroke patients suffering constipation in Oriental medicine, on the physiological indices and brain edema of rats. Brain edema was induced by a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), Natrii sulfas was administered after the MCAO. At 3, 6, 15, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion, the physiological indices such as the fecal weight, urine volume and water content in the stools were assessed.

Leuconostoc citreum HJ-P4 (KACC 91035) regulates immunoglobulin E in an ovalbumin-induced allergy model and induces interleukin-12 through nuclear factor-kappa B and p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinases signaling in macrophages.

Leuconostoc citreum (L. citreum) HJ-P4 (KACC 91035) is one of the major predominant species in kimchi fermentation in Korea. The purpose of the present study was to test the immunomodulatory capacity of L.

Upregulation of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, Th cell-derived cytokines by So-Shi-Ho-Tang (Sho-Saiko-To) occurs at the level of antigen presenting cells, but not CD4 T cells.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: So-Shi-Ho-Tang (SSHT) or known as Sho-Saiko-To in Japanese and Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang in Chinese has been used to treat chronic liver disease and other infections, and its hepatoprotective effects have been widely studied.

Aim Of The Study: We tried to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of SSHT on interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 and their Th1/Th2 transcription factors in vivo and in vitro since these two cytokines are important in determining the type of cell-mediated inflammatory and humoral responses.

Materials And Methods: SSHT was orally given to BALB/c mice for 7 days and then injected with anti-CD3 mAb intravenously.

Induction of Th1 cytokines by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (KCTC 3100) under Th2-type conditions and the requirement of NF-kappaB and p38/JNK.

Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (LMM) KCTC 3100, is one of the prominent species in the fermentation of kimchi, a traditional Korean food. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of this microorganism in inducing Th1 cytokines in the presence of Th2 signals in vitro and in vivo and the requirement of NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling.

Lithospermi radix extract inhibits histamine release and production of inflammatory cytokine in mast cells.

Lithospermi radix (LR, Borraginaceae, the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold. et Zuccarinii) is used in herbal medicine to treat such conditions as eczema, skin burns and frostbite. This study investigates the effects of LR on the anti-allergy mechanism.

Protective effects of Cuscutae semen against dimethylnitrosamine-induced acute liver injury in Sprague-Dawley rats.

We investigated the protective effect of Cuscutae semen (CS) on acute liver injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in Sprague-Dawley rats. CS is an important traditional herbal medicine widely used as a tonic and aphrodisiac to nourish the liver and kidney and to treat impotence and seminal emission. Rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of DMN (40 mg/kg), and were then treated with CS daily by oral gavage for 4 d.

Cell size-dependent Nogo-A expression in layer V pyramidal neurons of the rat primary somatosensory cortex.

Nogo-A mRNA and protein are present in the perikarya of neurons in both the intact and injured CNS. The present study focused primarily on Nogo-A protein expression in the primary somatosensory cortex of the adult rat. Coronal brain sections were probed with double-immunofluorescent labeling against Nogo-A together with NeuN, RBPC, or MAP-2 for confocal imaging.

Metabolic barrel representations with various patterns of neonatal whisker deafferentation in rats.

With various patterns of whisker deafferentation, C3 whisker stimulation produced divergently shaped metabolic barrel representations in layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex. Whisker deafferentation results in functional and structural reorganization of the barrels in the primary somatosensory cortex. The present study examines the alteration of the metabolic barrel representations in layer IV with various configurations of selective whisker deafferentation in neonates, using [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography.