Unveiling genetic variants: Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR diagnosis and structural insights into BLAD, BC, and DUMPS in Pakistani cattle herds.

Background: Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD), bovine citrullinemia (BC), and deficiency of Uridine monophosphate synthetase (DUMPS) are the common autosomal recessive disorders affecting the global dairy industry. BLAD leads to poor wound healing and recurrent infections. In BC, ammonia builds up leading to neurological disorders and death.