Enhancement of Benzene Emissions in Special Combinations of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Liquid Mixtures.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are battery-powered devices introduced to the market as safer alternatives to combustible cigarettes. Upon heating the electronic liquid (e-liquid), aerosols are released, including several toxicants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Benzene has been given great attention as a major component of the VOCs group as it increases cancer risk upon inhalation.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor (AHRR) is a biomarker of ambient air pollution exposure and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

Two hundred and twenty subjects were recruited while undergoing cardiac catheterization. AHRR cg05575921 methylation was shown to be significantly decreased in ever smokers compared to never smokers (Mean± SD = 64.2 ± 17.

Effects of Aftermarket Electronic Cigarette Pods on Device Power Output and Nicotine, Carbonyl, and ROS Emissions.

Aftermarket pods designed to operate with prevalent electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products such as JUUL are marketed as low-cost alternatives that allow the use of banned flavored liquids. Subtle differences in the design or construction of aftermarket pods may intrinsically modify the performance of the ENDS device and the resulting nicotine and toxicant emissions relative to the original equipment manufacturer's product. In this study, we examined the electrical output of a JUUL battery and the aerosol emissions when four different brands of aftermarket pods filled with an analytical-grade mixture of propylene glycol, glycerol, and nicotine were attached to it and puffed by machine.

A Systematic Review of Analytical Methods for the Separation of Nicotine Enantiomers and Evaluation of Nicotine Sources.

The introduction of synthetic nicotine by the tobacco industry, also promoted as tobacco-free nicotine, presented new challenges for analytical chemists working in tobacco regulatory science to develop and optimize new methods to assess new nicotine parameters, namely enantiomer ratio and source. We conducted a systematic literature review of the available analytical methods to detect the nicotine enantiomer ratio and the source of nicotine using PubMed and Web of Science databases. Methods to detect nicotine enantiomers included polarimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas and liquid chromatography.

Poor regulation implications in a low and middle income country based on PAH source apportionment and cancer risk assessment.

Ambient particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected for one year at an urban background site, and spatially and temporally compared to yearly averages in three coastal cities in Lebanon. The samples were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and source apportioned with an optimized robust method using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three major sources were found to contribute to PAH emissions at the urban background site, namely, traffic (48%), diesel generators (23%), and incineration (29%).

Flavor-Toxicant Correlation in E-cigarettes: A Meta-Analysis.

Flavors in electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids may increase ECIG aerosol toxicity via intact distillation or chemical transformation. For this report, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature to categorize the compounds found in flavored ECIG liquids into a few chemical classes and to predict their possible chemical transformations upon ECIG liquid aerosolization. This analysis allowed us to propose specific correlations between flavoring chemicals and aerosol toxicants.

Vaped Humectants in E-Cigarettes Are a Source of Phenols.

Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) have always been promoted as safer alternatives to combustible cigarettes. However, a growing amount of literature shows that while ECIGs do not involve combustion-derived toxicants, thermal degradation of the main constituents of ECIG liquid produces toxicants such as carbonyls. In this study, we report the detection of phenolic compounds in ECIG aerosols using a novel analytical method.

Does the Bubbler Scrub Key Toxicants from Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke?: Measurements and Modeling of CO, NO, PAH, Nicotine, and Particulate Matter Uptake.

Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a global epidemic. A persistent perception among users is that the water bubbler filters the smoke, reducing its risk profile. The objectives of this study were to quantify the purported filtering effect by comparing toxicant yield when a waterpipe was machine smoked with and without the smoke passing through the water bubbler.

Comparison of CO, PAH, Nicotine, and Aldehyde Emissions in Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Generated Using Electrical and Charcoal Heating Methods.

Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) has been characterized as a global epidemic. Waterpipe smoke has been shown to contain and deliver significant doses of many of the toxicants known to cause cancer, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases in cigarette smokers. It has also been shown that the charcoal used to heat the tobacco contributes most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide (CO) found in the smoke, two major causative agents in smoking-related lung cancer and heart disease, respectively.

Carbon Monoxide and Small Hydrocarbon Emissions from Sub-ohm Electronic Cigarettes.

Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are routinely advertised as a safer alternative to combustible cigarettes. ECIGs have been shown to emit less toxicants than conventional cigarettes. This study presents for the first time the mouthpiece emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and small hydrocarbon gases, in addition to carbonyls, from a rebuildable atomizer sub-ohm device (SOD).

Toxic emissions resulting from sucralose added to electronic cigarette liquids.

Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are appealing in part because of the many flavors of the liquids used in them. Concerns have been raised that some ECIG liquid flavors, especially those that are sweet, are attracting otherwise nicotine-naïve youth to ECIGs. Sucralose is an artificial, non-caloric sweetener that is added to some ECIG liquids.

Fate of pyrazines in the flavored liquids of e-cigarettes.

Popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has increased tremendously among young people, in part due to flavoring additives in ECIG liquids. Pyrazines are an important class of these additives, and their presence in tobacco cigarettes has been correlated with increased acceptability of smoking among smokers and bystanders. Pyrazine use by the tobacco industry is therefore thought to encourage smoking.

Reactive Oxygen Species Emissions from Supra- and Sub-Ohm Electronic Cigarettes.

Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are battery-powered devices that heat and vaporize solutions containing propylene glycol (PG) and/or vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine and possible trace flavorants to produce an inhalable aerosol. The heating process can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are linked to various oxidative damage-initiated diseases. Several studies in the literature have addressed ROS emissions in ECIG aerosols, but the effects of power, ECIG device design and liquid composition on ROS are relatively unknown.