vB_Ent31 bacteriophage may combat Enterobacter cloacae infections with macrophage modulating activity.

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), including MDR Enterobacter cloacae, may emerge due to the extensive usage of antibiotics and threaten the lives of millions of people around the world. Developing new antibiotic-free strategies to combat E. cloacae infections and curb the spread of drug-resistant genes is crucial.