Effects of temperature and nitrogen sources on physiological performance of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi.

Both temperature and nutrient levels are rising in worldwide ocean ecosystems, and they strongly influence biological responses of phytoplankton. However, few studies have addressed the interactive effects of temperature and nitrogen sources on physiological performance of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In this study, we evaluated algal growth, photosynthesis and respiration, elemental composition, enzyme activity, and calcification under a matrix of two temperatures gradients (ambient temperature 20 °C and high temperature 24 °C) and two nitrogen sources (nitrate (NO) and ammonium (NH)).

Gene duplication and functional divergence of new genes contributed to the polar acclimation of Antarctic green algae.

Unlabelled: Psychrophilic microalgae successfully survive in the extreme and highly variable polar ecosystems, which represent the energy base of most food webs and play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling. The success of microalgae is rooted in their adaptive evolution. Revealing how they have evolved to thrive in extreme polar environments will help us better understand the origin of life in polar ecosystems.

Elevated pCO alleviates the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on the marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica.

Concerns about the environmental effects of nanoplastics on marine ecosystems are increasing. Ocean acidification (OA) has also become a global environmental problem. Plastic pollution occurs concomitantly with anthropogenic climate stressors such as OA.

Combined effects of ocean deoxygenation, acidification, and phosphorus limitation on green tide macroalga, Ulva prolifera.

Ocean deoxygenation, acidification, and decreased phosphorus availability are predicted to increase in coastal ecosystems under future climate change. However, little is known regarding the combined effects of such environmental variables on the green tide macroalga Ulva prolifera. Here, we provide quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the acclimation mechanisms of U.

Exon shuffling potentiates a diverse repertoire of brown algal NB-ARC-TPR candidate immune receptor proteins via alternative splicing.

Like other organisms, brown algae are subject to diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Brown algal immunity mechanisms are not well characterized; however, there is evidence suggesting that pathogen receptors exist in brown algae. One key protein family likely associated with brown algal innate immunity possesses an NB-ARC domain analogous to innate immune proteins in plants and animals.

Elevated CO reduces copper accumulation and toxicity in the diatom .

The projected ocean acidification (OA) associated with increasing atmospheric CO alters seawater chemistry and hence the bio-toxicity of metal ions. However, it is still unclear how OA might affect the long-term resilience of globally important marine microalgae to anthropogenic metal stress. To explore the effect of increasing CO on copper metabolism in the diatom (CCMP 1335), we employed an integrated eco-physiological, analytical chemistry, and transcriptomic approach to clarify the effect of increasing CO on copper metabolism of across different temporal (short-term vs.

Plastic responses lead to increased neurotoxin production in the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia under ocean warming and acidification.

Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are recognized as two major climatic conditions influencing phytoplankton growth and nutritional or toxin content. However, there is limited knowledge on the responses of harmful algal bloom species that produce toxins. Here, the study provides quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the acclimation and adaptation responses of the domoic acid (DA) producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries to rising temperature and pCO using both a one-year in situ bulk culture experiment, and an 800-day laboratory acclimation experiment.

The role of zinc in the adaptive evolution of polar phytoplankton.

Zinc is an essential trace metal for oceanic primary producers with the highest concentrations in polar oceans. However, its role in the biological functioning and adaptive evolution of polar phytoplankton remains enigmatic. Here, we have applied a combination of evolutionary genomics, quantitative proteomics, co-expression analyses and cellular physiology to suggest that model polar phytoplankton species have a higher demand for zinc because of elevated cellular levels of zinc-binding proteins.

Ocean acidification stimulation of phytoplankton growth depends on the extent of departure from the optimal growth temperature.

Ocean acidification and warming are two major environmental stressors; however, the generality of how warming will alter growth responses of phytoplankton to ocean acidification is less known. Here, enhancement of growth by high CO (HC) in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira weissflogii was most prominent at optimum temperature. The extent to which growth rates in HC cultures were raised compared to low CO (LC) cultures tended to decrease with increasing or decreasing temperature, compared to the optimum.

Biodiversity-based development and evolution: the emerging research systems in model and non-model organisms.

Evolutionary developmental biology, or Evo-Devo for short, has become an established field that, broadly speaking, seeks to understand how changes in development drive major transitions and innovation in organismal evolution. It does so via integrating the principles and methods of many subdisciplines of biology. Although we have gained unprecedented knowledge from the studies on model organisms in the past decades, many fundamental and crucially essential processes remain a mystery.

Integrating Transcriptomics and Metabolomics to Characterize Metabolic Regulation to Elevated CO in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii.

With atmospheric CO increasing, a large amount of CO is absorbed by oceans and lakes, which changes the carbonate system and affects the survival of aquatic plants, especially microalgae. The main aim of our study was to explore the responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae) to elevated CO by combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis under three different scenarios: control (CK, 400 ppm), short-term elevated CO (ST, 1000 ppm), and long-term elevated CO (LT, 1000 ppm). The transcriptomic data showed moderate changes between ST and CK.

The complete chloroplast genome of the brown alga sp. ye-B (Laminariaceae: Phaeophyceae) from Sakhalin, Russia.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of sp. ye-B was determined using Illumina sequencing data. The chloroplast genome of sp.

The oxylipin messenger 1-octen-3-ol induced rapid responses in kelp Macrocystis pyrifera.

Oxylipins are important oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids that regulate a variety of plant physiological and pathological processes in response to specific external challenges. A large body of evidence has indicated that algae can also produce a surprisingly diverse array of volatile oxylipins, yet little is known about the roles of volatile oxylipins as defense signals in macroalgae. In this study, the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera was treated by the oxylipin messenger 1-octen-3-ol and then a genome-wide gene expression profile and fatty acid spectrum analysis were performed.

Integrative analysis of chloroplast DNA methylation in a marine alga-Saccharina japonica.

We applied an integrative approach using multiple methods to verify cytosine methylation in the chloroplast DNA of the multicellular brown alga Saccharina japonica. Cytosine DNA methylation is a heritable process which plays important roles in regulating development throughout the life cycle of an organism. Although methylation of nuclear DNA has been studied extensively, little is known about the state and role of DNA methylation in chloroplast genomes, especially in marine algae.

The complete chloroplast genome of .

is a brown algal (class Phaeophyceae) belonging to the family Laminariaceae. We reported the assembly and the annotation of the complete chloroplast genome of . The circled cpDNA of is 130,619 bp in length with a large and a small single-copy region (LSC and SSC), separated by two copies of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb).

Acclimation and adaptation to elevated pCO increase arsenic resilience in marine diatoms.

Arsenic pollution is a widespread threat to marine life, but the ongoing rise pCO levels is predicted to decrease bio-toxicity of arsenic. However, the effects of arsenic toxicity on marine primary producers under elevated pCO are not well characterized. Here, we studied the effects of arsenic toxicity in three globally distributed diatom species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and Chaetoceros mulleri) after short-term acclimation (ST, 30 days), medium-term exposure (MT, 750 days), and long-term (LT, 1460 days) selection under ambient (400 µatm) and elevated (1000 and 2000 µatm) pCO.

Influence of ocean acidification on thermal reaction norms of carbon metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Under the present CO condition, the efficiency of biological pump mediating carbon sequestration is predicted to decline in the future because respiration tends to be more sensitive to rising temperature than is photosynthesis. However, it remains unknown whether the impacts of global warming on metabolic rates of phytoplankton can be modulated by elevated CO induced ocean acidification. Here we show that in the model diatom species Phaeodactylum tricornutum, E (activation energy) of photosynthesis (~0.

Exploring Core Response Mechanisms to Multiple Environmental Stressors Via A Genome-Wide Study in the Brown Alga Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae).

Saccharina japonica is an important large brown alga and a major component of productive beds on the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean. Abiotic stress response mechanisms are receiving considerable attention because global climate change is increasing their abiotic stress levels. However, our knowledge of how S.

Elevated CO affects kelp nutrient quality: A case study of Saccharina japonica from CO -enriched coastal mesocosm systems.

Kelps provide critical services for coastal food chains and ecosystem, and they are important food source for some segments of human population. Despite their ecological importance, little is known about long-term impacts of elevated CO (eCO ) on nutrient metabolites in kelps and the underlying regulation mechanisms. In this study, the kelp Saccharina japonica was cultured in CO -enriched coastal mesocosm systems for up to 3 months.