Peripheral blood transcriptomic profiling of molecular mechanisms commonly regulated by binge drinking and placebo effects.

Molecular responses to alcohol consumption are dynamic, context-dependent, and arise from a complex interplay of biological and external factors. While many have studied genetic risk associated with drinking patterns, comprehensive studies identifying dynamic responses to pharmacologic and psychological/placebo effects underlying binge drinking are lacking. We investigated transcriptome-wide response to binge, medium, and placebo alcohol consumption by 17 healthy heavy social drinkers enrolled in a controlled, in-house, longitudinal study of up to 12 days.

Dual role for microbial short-chain fatty acids in modifying SIV disease trajectory following anti-α4β7 antibody administration.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection is associated with significant gut damage, similar to that observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This pathology includes loss of epithelial integrity, microbial translocation, dysbiosis, and resultant chronic immune activation. Additionally, the levels of all--retinoic acid (atRA) are dramatically attenuated.

Elevated Serotonin in Mouse Spinal Dorsal Horn Is Pronociceptive.

Serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) contribute to bidirectional control of pain through modulation of spinal and trigeminal nociceptive networks. Deficits in this pathway are believed to contribute to pathologic pain states, but whether changes in serotonergic mechanisms are pro- or antinociceptive is debated. We used a combination of optogenetics and fiber photometry to examine these mechanisms more closely.

Elevated serotonin in mouse spinal dorsal horn is pronociceptive.

Serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) contribute to bidirectional control of pain through modulation of spinal and trigeminal nociceptive networks. Deficits in this pathway are believed to contribute to pathological pain states, but whether changes in serotonergic mechanisms are pro or anti-nociceptive are debated. We used a combination of optogenetics and fiber photometry to examine these mechanisms more closely.

Functional characterization of interleukin 4 and retinoic acid signaling crosstalk during alternative macrophage activation.

Retinoic acid possesses potent immunomodulatory properties in various cell types, including macrophages. In this study, we first investigated the effects at the transcriptional and functional levels of exogenous retinoic acid in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in the presence or absence of interleukin 4 (IL4), a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties. We examined the effect of IL4 on vitamin A homeostasis in macrophages by quantifying retinoid synthesis and secretion.

The conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A in adipocytes drives the anti-obesogenic effects of β-carotene in mice.

Objective: The β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) is the enzyme responsible for the cleavage of β-carotene to retinal, the first intermediate in vitamin A formation. Preclinical studies suggest that BCO1 expression is required for dietary β-carotene to affect lipid metabolism. The goal of this study was to generate a gene therapy strategy that over-expresses BCO1 in the adipose tissue and utilizes the β-carotene stored in adipocytes to produce vitamin A and reduce obesity.

Validation of serotonin transporter mRNA as a quantitative biomarker of heavy drinking and its comparison to ethyl glucuronide/ethyl sulfate: A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.

Background: The serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA was previously reported to be a quantitative and pathophysiology-based biomarker of heavy drinking in 5HTTLPR:LL genotype-carriers treated with ondansetron. Here, we validated the potential use of SERT mRNA for quantitative prediction of recent alcohol consumption (in the absence of treatment) and compared it with the known biomarkers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS).

Methods: Binge drinking men and women of European ancestry aged 21 to 65 years were enrolled in a 12-day, in-patient, randomized, double-blind, crossover study, where they were administered three beverage doses (placebo, 0.

Effects of sedative psychotropic drugs combined with oxycodone on respiratory depression in the rat.

Following a decision to require label warnings for concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines and increased risk of respiratory depression and death, the US Food and Drug Administratioin (FDA) recognized that other sedative psychotropic drugs may be substituted for benzodiazepines and be used concurrently with opioids. In some cases, data on the ability of these alternatives to depress respiration alone or in conjunction with an opioid are lacking. A nonclinical in vivo model was developed that could detect worsening respiratory depression when a benzodiazepine (diazepam) was used in combination with an opioid (oxycodone) compared to the opioid alone based on an increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO ).

Novel simultaneous method for the determination of avobenzone and oxybenzone in human plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS with phospholipid removal pretreatment: An application to a sunscreen clinical trial.

Application of sunscreen is one of many ways to protect skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Sunscreen products are widely used and regulated as over-the-counter drug products in the United States. The U.

Developing an animal model to detect drug-drug interactions impacting drug-induced respiratory depression.

Opioids and benzodiazepines were frequently co-prescribed to patients with pain and psychiatric or neurological disorders; however, co-prescription of these drugs increased the risk for severe respiratory depression and death. Consequently, the U.S.

Effect of Sunscreen Application on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: A prior pilot study demonstrated the systemic absorption of 4 sunscreen active ingredients; additional studies are needed to determine the systemic absorption of additional active ingredients and how quickly systemic exposure exceeds 0.5 ng/mL as recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Objective: To assess the systemic absorption and pharmacokinetics of the 6 active ingredients (avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, homosalate, octisalate, and octinoxate) in 4 sunscreen products under single- and maximal-use conditions.

A high-throughput bioanalytical assay to support pharmacokinetic interaction study of oxycodone and diazepam in Sprague Dawley rats.

Benzodiazepines potentiate respiratory depression when combined with an opioid leading the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to recommend updating the labels of these products with a boxed warning for respiratory depression with co-use. Potential respiratory depression upon co-administration of opioids with some psychotropic drugs is not well understood.

Effect of Sunscreen Application Under Maximal Use Conditions on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has provided guidance that sunscreen active ingredients with systemic absorption greater than 0.5 ng/mL or with safety concerns should undergo nonclinical toxicology assessment including systemic carcinogenicity and additional developmental and reproductive studies.

Objective: To determine whether the active ingredients (avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, and ecamsule) of 4 commercially available sunscreens are absorbed into systemic circulation.

An alternating polarity switching assay for quantification of oxycodone and topiramate: An application of LC-MS/MS method in support to PK/PD study in rodents.

In mass spectrometry, compounds that have different ionization properties experience challenges in simultaneous analysis. In the present paper, the authors proposed a polarity switching (+ve and -ve) LC-MS/MS method to analyze oxycodone and topiramate in a single run. The developed method was validated in the range of 5-1000 ng/mL for oxycodone and 20-5000 ng/mL for topiramate as per the US FDA guidelines.

Highly sensitive assay for the determination of therapeutic peptide desmopressin in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS.

An analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography with positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of therapeutic peptide desmopressin in human plasma. A desmopressin stable labeled isotope (desmopressin d) was used as an internal standard. Analyte and the internal standard were extracted from 200 µL of human plasma solid-phase extraction technique using Oasis WCX cartridges.

LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of lurasidone and its active metabolite, ID-14283 in human plasma and its application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study.

The authors proposed a sensitive, selective and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay procedure for the quantification of lurasidone and its active metabolite, i.e. ID-14283 in human plasma simultaneously using corresponding isotope labeled compounds as internal standards as per regulatory guidelines.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for eltrombopag in 50μL of human plasma: a pharmacokinetic study.

Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, used in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. This paper describes a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay method for the determination of eltrombopag in human plasma samples using eltrombopag 13C4 as internal standard (IS). Analyte and the IS were extracted from 50μL of human plasma using protein precipitation technique with no drying, evaporation and reconstitution steps.

Bioanalysis of tolvaptan, a novel AVP-V2 receptor antagonist in human plasma by a novel LC-ESI-MS/MS method: a pharmacokinetic application in healthy South Indian male subjects.

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) assay method is proposed for the determination of tolvaptan in human plasma samples using tolvaptan d7 as internal standard (IS). Analyte and the IS were extracted from 100 μL of human plasma via simple liquid-liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using a mixture of methanol and 0.

A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application.

An improved, simple and highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantification of febuxostat with 100 μL human plasma using febuxostat-d7 as an internal standard (IS) according to regulatory guidelines. The analyte and IS were extracted from human plasma via liquid-liquid extraction using diethyl ether. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 5 mm ammonium formate (60:40, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor in micro-volumes of human plasma: a pharmacokinetic application in healthy South Indian male subjects.

This paper describes a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of aliskiren in human plasma using nevirapine as an internal standard. Analyte and the internal standard were extracted from 100 μL of human plasma via liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for duloxetine in human plasma: Its pharmacokinetic application.

This paper describes a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of duloxetine in human plasma. A duloxetine stable labeled isotope (duloxetine d) was used as an internal standard. Analyte and the internal standard were extracted from 100 μL of human plasma solid phase extraction technique using Oasis HLB cartridges.

Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin, metformin and glimepiride in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study.

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay method has been developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of atorvastatin, metformin and glimepiride in human plasma. Carbamazepine was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted from 200 μL aliquots of human plasma via protein precipitation using acetonitrile.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the determination of tetrabenazine and its active metabolites in human plasma: a pharmacokinetic study.

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay method has been developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of tetrabenazine and its active metabolites α-dihydrotetrabenazine and β-dihydrotetrabenazine in human plasma. Tetrabenazine d7 was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted from 200 μL aliquots of human plasma via solid-phase extraction using C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges.

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for cycloserine in 50μL of human plasma: Its pharmacokinetic application.

This paper describes a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of cycloserine in human plasma using carbamazepine as internal standard (IS). Analyte and the IS were extracted from the 50μL of human plasma via protein precipitation using acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C(18) column by using a mixture of acetonitrile-0.