iCa Flux, ROS and IL-10 Determines Cytotoxic, and Suppressor T Cell Functions in Chronic Human Viral Infections.

Exhaustion of CD8 T cells and increased IL-10 production is well-known in chronic viral infections but mechanisms leading to loss of their cytotoxic capabilities and consequent exhaustion remain unclear. Exhausted CD8T cells also called T suppressors are highly immune suppressive with altered T cell receptor signaling characteristics that mark it exclusively from their cytotoxic counterparts. Our study found that iCa flux is reduced following T cell receptor activation in T suppressor cells when compared to their effector counterpart.

Genotypic validation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and virulence factors in multidrug resistance in an Indian hospital.

The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing has been increasing rapidly across the world. The presence of virulence factors in ESBL producers further adds to the pathogenicity and severity of infection, which often complicate empirical therapy and sometimes result in treatment failures. In the present study, 227 non-repeated clinical isolates of obtained from different clinical specimens from a tertiary care hospital in India were analyzed to detect the genes responsible for ESBL production (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV), virulence (fimH-1, mrkD, entB, irp-1), and capsule production (K1-K2).

Epidemiological trends and molecular dynamics of dengue, chikungunya virus infection, coinfection, and other undifferentiated fever during 2015-2016 in Odisha, India.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is spatiotemporally related to dengue virus (DENV) infection and mostly undiagnosed due to similar primary symptoms. In 2013, a high rate (36%) of coinfection of DENV and CHIKV was reported in Odisha. Hence, the hospital-based study was continued to synthesis current epidemiological understanding of their single distribution or coinfection.

Extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary-care hospital in Eastern India: A 4-year retrospective study.

Objectives: Bacteria resistant to different classes of antimicrobial agents are a major threat to humanity and risk leading the world towards the return of the pre-antimicrobial era. This study was undertaken to detect the incidence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria in a tertiary-care hospital in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Methods: Positive bacterial cultures from different clinical samples were identified using a VITEK2 compact system and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of different Gram-negative bacteria was analysed.

Retrospective study on clonal relationship of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. indicates closed circulation and initiation of clonal divergence.

Purpose: Antibiotic resistance patterns often exhibit geographical variations. Periodic analyses of resistance spectra and phylogenetic trends are important guides for facilitating judicious use of therapeutic interventions. The present study retrospectively analysed the infection trends, resistance patterns, and clonal relationships between isolates of Klebsiella spp.

Molecular characterization of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from a tertiary care hospital.

Infectious diseases caused by ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae are an emerging problem worldwide which increases the empirical treatment failure, hospital cost, rate of morbidity and mortality. This also leads to the Hospital infection outbreak. Present study was undertaken to determine the frequency of bla, bla and bla genes among Enterobacteriaceae.

Genetic diversity study of various β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant isolates from a tertiary care hospital using ERIC-PCR.

Background & Objectives: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolates producing β-lactamase enzyme is a growing problem across the globe. Strain typing is an epidemiologically important tool not only for detecting the cross transmission of nosocomial pathogens but also for determining the source of infection. The present study was conducted to understand the clonal relationship among various β-lactamase-producing MDR E.

Prevalence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M genes of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections in adults.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the major sources of widespread infectious diseases in the community as well as in the hospitals which increase the cause of morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogenic E. coli isolates has been found to be increased rapidly across the world.

Functional Genome Screening to Elucidate the Colistin Resistance Mechanism.

Antibiogram profile of 1590 clinical bacterial isolates based on thirteen different antimicrobial compounds showed that 1.6% of the bacterial isolates are multidrug resistant. Distribution pattern based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa constituted the largest group (83.

High rates of co-infection of Dengue and Chikungunya virus in Odisha and Maharashtra, India during 2013.

Dengue viral (DENV) infection is endemic in different parts of India and because of similar primary signs and symptoms, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is mostly undiagnosed. Hence, we investigated 204 suspected Dengue cases in a hospital based cross-sectional study in Odisha, India in 2013. It was observed that 50 samples were positive for DENV only, 28 were positive for CHIKV only and interestingly, 28 patients were co-infected with both DENV and CHIKV.

Phylogenetic study of metallo-β-lactamase producing multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from burn patients.

The present study was carried out to understand the clonal relationship using enterobacteriaceae repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) among metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from burn victims and their susceptibility to commonly used anti-pseudomonal agents. In the present study 94 non-duplicate P. aeruginosa strains from the wound samples of burn patients were included.

Surveillance of multidrug resistant uropathogenic bacteria in hospitalized patients in Indian.

Objective: To record surveillance, antibiotic resistance of uropathogens of hospitalized patients over a period of 18 months.

Methods: Urine samples from wards and cabins were used for isolating urinary tract infection (UTI)-causing bacteria that were cultured on suitable selective media and identified by biochemical tests; and their antibiograms were ascertained by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method, in each 6-month interval of the study period, using 18 antibiotics of five different classes.

Results: From wards and cabins, 1 245 samples were collected, from which 996 strains of bacteria belonging to 11 species were isolated, during April 2011 to September 2012.

A report on infection dynamics of inducible clindamycin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a teaching hospital in India.

Objective: To investigate the infection of hospital- and community-acquired "erythromycin-induced clindamycin resistant" strains or D-test positives of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (with and without methicillin resistance) in a hospital.

Methods: Strains of S.

Which value should be used as the lethal concentration 50 (LC(50)) with bacteria?

Computations of lethal concentration 50 (LC(50)) of a data-set of a toxicity study on an herbicide against a cyanobacterium were performed by general linear regression, Spearman-Karber and probit transformation methods, for evaluation of the methods used. It is shown that the linear regression method yields some faulty LC(50) value, while both of Spearman-Karber and probit methods yield similar and statistically respectable LC(50) values. In the Spearman-Karber method, a prerequisite of some uniform dose-interval of test-chemical and tiring calculations were involved.