Deep Learning Reconstruction for Enhanced Resolution and Image Quality in Breath-Hold MRCP: A Preliminary Study.

Objective: This preliminary study aims to assess the image quality of enhanced-resolution deep learning reconstruction (ER-DLR) in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and compare it with non-ER-DLR MRCP images.

Methods: Our retrospective study incorporated 34 patients diagnosed with biliary and pancreatic disorders. We obtained MRCP images using a single breath-hold MRCP on a 3T MRI system.

Usefulness of Dual-Energy CT for Differentiating Hemorrhage From Iodine Extravasation in Meningiomas After Preoperative Embolization.

Objective: Discriminating between hemorrhage and iodine extravasation can pose challenges in conventional computed tomography (CCT) images following preoperative embolization for meningioma. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in differentiating hemorrhage from iodine extravasation after preoperative embolization for meningioma.

Methods: Twenty-one consecutive meningioma patients who underwent CCT before and DECT immediately after preoperative embolization were included in this study.

Discovery and characterization of stereodefined PMO-gapmers targeting tau.

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are an important class of therapeutics to treat genetic diseases, and expansion of this modality to neurodegenerative disorders has been an active area of research. To realize chronic administration of ASO therapeutics to treat neurodegenerative diseases, new chemical modifications that improve activity and safety profiles are still needed. Furthermore, it is highly desirable to develop a single stereopure ASO with a defined activity and safety profile to avoid any efficacy and safety concerns due to the batch-to-batch variation in the composition of diastereomers.

Impact of prior teriparatide treatment on the effectiveness of romosozumab in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis: A case-control study.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of prior teriparatide (TPTD) treatment on the effectiveness of romosozumab (ROMO) in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Methods: In this retrospective, case-controlled, multicenter study, 323 postmenopausal patients were initiated ROMO. Of these, 275 were treatment-naïve, and 48 were switched from TPTD, with uninterrupted ROMO treatment for 12 months.

Enhancing thin slice 3D T2-weighted prostate MRI with super-resolution deep learning reconstruction: Impact on image quality and PI-RADS assessment.

Purposes: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Super-Resolution Deep Learning Reconstruction (SR-DLR) -a deep learning-based technique that enhances image resolution and quality during MRI reconstruction- in improving the image quality of thin-slice 3D T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) assessment in prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Methods: This retrospective study included 33 patients who underwent prostate MRI with SR-DLR between November 2022 and April 2023. Thin-slice 3D-T2WI of the prostate was obtained and reconstructed with and without SR-DLR (matrix: 720 × 720 and 240 × 240, respectively).

Machine Learning for Evaluating Vulnerable Plaque on Coronary Computed Tomography Using Spectral Imaging.

Background: This study aimed to determine whether spectral imaging with dual-energy computed tomography (CT) can improve diagnostic performance for coronary plaque characterization.

Methods And Results: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 30 patients with coronary plaques, using coronary CT angiography (dual-layer CT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies. Based on IVUS findings, patients were diagnosed with either vulnerable or stable plaques.

CT-derived Extracellular Volume Fraction in Aortic Stenosis, Cardiac Amyloidosis and Dual Pathology.

Aims: To investigate CT-derived extracellular volume fraction (CT-ECV) in patients with lone aortic stenosis (AS), dual pathology of AS and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (AS-ATTR), and lone ATTR, and to examine the diagnostic performance and optimal cutoff values of CT-ECV for differentiating between patients with lone AS and AS-ATTR, and between patients with lone AS and lone ATTR.

Methods And Results: This retrospective study included consecutive patients with severe AS (including lone AS and AS-ATTR) and lone ATTR who underwent CT-ECV analysis and technetium 99m pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) scintigraphy. The diagnostic performance of CT-ECV for detecting cardiac amyloidosis was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Gallbladder Follicular Lymphoma Mimicking Gallbladder Cancer.

Background/aim: Enlarged polypoid gallbladder lesions should first be evaluated to rule out gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder lymphoma rarely develops, and gallbladder follicular lymphoma is seldom observed.

Case Report: The case of a 70-year-old man with an enlarged polypoid gallbladder lesion and stable-sized multiple enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes is reported.

Impact of deep learning reconstruction on radiation dose reduction and cancer risk in CT examinations: a real-world clinical analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate the extent to which the implementation of deep learning reconstruction (DLR) may reduce the risk of radiation-induced cancer from CT examinations, utilizing real-world clinical data.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed scan data of adult patients who underwent body CT during two periods relative to DLR implementation at our facility: a 12-month pre-DLR phase (n = 5553) using hybrid iterative reconstruction and a 12-month post-DLR phase (n = 5494) with routine CT reconstruction transitioning to DLR. To ensure comparability between two groups, we employed propensity score matching 1:1 based on age, sex, and body mass index.

Performance of Multimodal Large Language Models in Japanese Diagnostic Radiology Board Examinations (2021-2023).

Rationale And Objectives: To evaluate the performance of various multimodal large language models (LLMs) in the Japanese Diagnostic Radiology Board Examinations (JDRBE) both with and without images.

Materials And Methods: Five multimodal LLMs-GPT-4o, Claude 3 Opus, GPT-4 Vision, Gemini Flash 1.5, and Gemini Pro 1.

Important Role of Ultrasonography Immediately After Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules to Detect Acute Transient Thyroid Swelling.

Objective: We aimed to determine whether early detection of acute transient thyroid swelling (ATTS) is possible using ultrasonography (US) surveillance immediately after fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and discuss the usefulness of routine US after FNAB.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the incidence, clinical features, and US and computed tomography findings of ATTS in patients with thyroid nodules who underwent FNABs at our hospital. The study period was divided into two time periods: only symptomatic patients after FNAB were examined using US in the first period (period A: January 2016 to November 2020), whereas all patients were routinely examined using US shortly after FNAB in the second period (period B: December 2020 to December 2022).

Factors related to evacuation intention when a Level 4 evacuation order was issued among people with mental health illnesses using group homes in Japan: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to identify factors related to the intention to evacuate in a disaster following a Level 4 evacuation order among people with mental health illnesses living in group homes in Japan. The participants were people with mental health conditions living in group homes in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. We created an original self-administered questionnaire and conducted a survey among this group.

Alterations in Body Weight and Composition in Patients With Graves' Disease Treated with Total Thyroidectomy.

Objective: Thyrotoxicosis causes excess energy expenditure, resulting in weight loss, despite increased appetite, and changes in body composition, which are typically reversible with the normalization of thyroid hormone levels. However, patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease are sometimes hesitant to undergo treatment because of the perceived morbidity associated with weight gain. Therefore, obtaining data to explain the details of such weight gain to these patients is important.

Super-resolution deep learning reconstruction approach for enhanced visualization in lumbar spine MR bone imaging.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of super-resolution deep-learning-based reconstruction (SR-DLR), which leverages k-space data, on the image quality of lumbar spine magnetic resonance (MR) bone imaging using a 3D multi-echo in-phase sequence.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, 29 patients who underwent lumbar spine MRI, including an MR bone imaging sequence between January and April 2023, were analyzed. Images were reconstructed with and without SR-DLR (Matrix sizes: 960 × 960 and 320 × 320, respectively).

Non-contrast spectral CT vs chemical-shift MRI in discriminating lipid-poor adrenal lesions.

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic performance of conventional non-contrast CT, dual-energy spectral CT, and chemical-shift MRI (CS-MRI) in discriminating lipid-poor adenomas (> 10-HU on non-contrast CT) from non-adenomas.

Methods: A total of 110 patients (69 men; 41 women; mean age 66.5 ± 13.

Improving Visualization of In-stent Lumen Using Prototype Photon-counting Detector Computed Tomography with High-resolution Plaque Kernel.

The study aimed to compare the performance of photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD CT) with high-resolution (HR)-plaque kernel with that of the energy-integrating detector CT (EID CT) in terms of the visualization of the lumen size and the in-stent stenotic portion at different coronary vessel angles. The lumen sizes in PCD CT and EID CT images were 2.13 and 1.

Factors Related to the Willingness of People with Mental Health Illnesses Living in Group Homes to Disclose Their Illness to Supporters during Disaster Evacuation: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Severe heavy rains caused by linear precipitation systems are occurring more frequently in Japan owing to climate change, and residents are being asked to evacuate more often. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the willingness of people with mental health illness (PMHI) in group homes to disclose their illness when being evacuated. Participants were PMHI living in group homes in Japan.

A Nursing Process for Shared Decision-Making for Patients with Severe Mental Illness Receiving Treatment Involving Long-Term Coercive Measures: A Modified Grounded Theory Approach.

The use of shared decision-making (SDM) has recently attracted attention for building recovery-oriented therapeutic relationships with patients with severe mental illness (SMI). The purpose of this study was to describe a nursing process for SDM for psychiatric patients with SMI being treated via long-term coercive measures, such as seclusion and physical restraint, in the "seclusion room" of a psychiatric ward. The study used a modified grounded theory approach.

Diagnostic performance of unenhanced electrocardiogram-gated cardiac CT for detecting myocardial edema.

To assess the diagnostic performance of unenhanced electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated cardiac computed tomography (CT) for detecting myocardial edema, using MRI T2 mapping as the reference standard. This retrospective study protocol was approved by our institutional review board, which waived the requirement for written informed consent. Between December 2017 to February 2019, consecutive patients who had undergone T2 mapping for myocardial tissue characterization were identified.