Superficial temporal artery-superior cerebellar artery bypass and trapping of a fusiform aneurysm using intradural anterior petrosectomy: technical case report and anatomical study.

Aneurysms at the distal portion of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) are very rare. Because of the deep location and a propensity for nonsaccular morphology, aneurysm trapping or endovascular occlusion of the parent artery are the usual treatment options, which are associated with varying risks of ischemic complications. The authors report on a 60-year-old woman who had a 3.

Shift in the function of netrin-1 from axon outgrowth to axon branching in developing cerebral cortical neurons.

Background: Netrin-1, a multifunctional axon guidance cue, elicits axon outgrowth via one of its receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) in several types of neurons, including cerebral cortical neurons of embryonic mice. However, we and others have observed de novo formation of axon branches without axon outgrowth induced by netrin-1 in cortical culture of neonatal hamsters. These previous reports suggested the possibility that netrin-1 function might alter during development, which we here investigated using dissociated culture prepared from cerebral cortices of embryonic mice.

X-ray phase imaging: from synchrotron to hospital.

With the aim of clinical applications of X-ray phase imaging based on Talbot-Lau-type grating interferometry to joint diseases and breast cancer, machines employing a conventional X-ray generator have been developed and installed in hospitals. The machine operation especially for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis is described, which relies on the fact that cartilage in finger joints can be depicted with a dose of several milligray. The palm of a volunteer observed with 19 s exposure (total scan time: 32 s) is reported with a depicted cartilage feature in joints.

Effect of a dienogest for an experimental three-dimensional endometrial culture model for endometriosis.

The pathogenesis of endometriosis remains poorly understood at least in part because early stages of the disease process are difficult to investigate. Previous studies have proposed a three-dimensional fibrin matrix culture model to study human endometriosis. We examined the ultrastructural features of the endometriosis in this model and assessed the effect of a progestin on endometrial outgrowth and apoptosis in this culture system.

Application of X-ray grating interferometry for the imaging of joint structures.

Conventional X-ray absorption contrast imaging does not depict soft tissues, such as cartilage, in sufficient detail. For visualization of the soft tissues, X-ray phase-contrast imaging is more sensitive than absorption-contrast imaging. The basic concept of the X-ray phase-contrast imaging used in this study is similar to that of differential interference contrast (Nomarski) microscopy.

Cadaveric and in vivo human joint imaging based on differential phase contrast by X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry.

We developed an X-ray phase imaging system based on Talbot-Lau interferometry and studied its feasibility for clinical diagnoses of joint diseases. The system consists of three X-ray gratings, a conventional X-ray tube, an object holder, an X-ray image sensor, and a computer for image processing. The joints of human cadavers and healthy volunteers were imaged, and the results indicated sufficient sensitivity to cartilage, suggesting medical significance.

Topographic anatomy of the posterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve and surrounding structures.

Study Design: Cadaver dissection.

Objective: To examine the potential points of spinal nerve entrapment and the articular branches in the thoracic spine.

Summary Of Background Data: Despite many cadaver studies focused on the cervical and lumbar spinal nerves, detailed anatomy of the thoracic nerve branches is missing from the viewpoint of painful neuropathy on the thoracic region.

Netrin-1 elevates the level and induces cluster formation of its receptor DCC at the surface of cortical axon shafts in an exocytosis-dependent manner.

During development, a diffusible axon guidance cue, netrin-1, plays a variety of important roles in the correct wiring of the nervous system by inducing axon outgrowth, attraction, repulsion and/or branching in various types of neurons. It has been reported that translocation of its receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane enhances outgrowth of rat spinal commissural axons in response to netrin-1 (Bouchard et al., 2004).

The proton pump inhibitor inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma.

Purpose: In normal physiology, a vacuolar-type proton pump (V-ATPase) maintains an intracellular acid microenvironment in lysosome, endosome, and other endomembrane systems. Cancer cells overexpress V-ATPase compared with normal cells, and disturbances of the acid environment are thought to significantly impact the cancer cell infiltration and growth. Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1) is a specific inhibitor of the proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) V-ATPase.

Suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages by lansoprazole.

Macrophages (MPs) produce increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease; these cytokines are thought to play a central role in the occurrence of the disease. Biologics are currently available for anti-cytokine therapy, but treating intestinal inflammation through direct suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production could be more effective. P-ATPase inhibitors have been reported to be anti-inflammatory, and these inhibitors might suppress the production of MP proinflammatory cytokines.

Early onset of NMDA receptor GluR epsilon 1 (NR2A) expression and its abundant postsynaptic localization in developing motoneurons of the mouse hypoglossal nucleus.

Oro-facial sensorimotor function conducted by the brainstem is vital to newborn mammals, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an important role in the regulation. Here we examined the expression of NMDA receptor subunits in the mouse hypoglossal nucleus from embryonic day 13 (E13) through postnatal day 21 (P21). Compared with other brainstem regions, early onset of GluRepsilon1 (NR2A) mRNA expression was conspicuous to the embryonic hypoglossal nucleus.