The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins.

Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages.

The Deadly Toxin Arsenal of the Tree-Dwelling Australian Funnel-Web Spiders.

Australian funnel-web spiders are amongst the most dangerous venomous animals. Their venoms induce potentially deadly symptoms, including hyper- and hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia and pulmonary oedema. Human envenomation is more frequent with the ground-dwelling species, including the infamous Sydney funnel-web spider (); although, only two tree-dwelling species induce more severe envenomation.

The Middle Eastern Cousin: Comparative Venomics of and .

Among the medically most important snakes in the world, the species belonging to the genus have been attributed to the highest number of human envenomings, deaths and disabilities. Given their significant clinical relevance, the venoms of Russell's vipers ( and ) have been the primary focus of research. In contrast, the composition, activity, ecology and evolution of venom of its congener, the Palestine viper (), have remained largely understudied.