Gut microbiome shifts in adolescents after sleeve gastrectomy with increased oral-associated taxa and pro-inflammatory potential.

Background: Bariatric surgery is highly effective in achieving weight loss in children and adolescents with severe obesity, however the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, and gut microbiome changes are unknown.

Objectives: 1) To comprehensively examine gut microbiome and metabolome changes after laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in adolescents and 2) to assess whether the microbiome/metabolome changes observed with VSG influence phenotype using germ-free murine models.

Design: 1) A longitudinal observational study in adolescents undergoing VSG with serial stool samples undergoing shotgun metagenomic microbiome sequencing and metabolomics (polar metabolites, bile acids and short chain fatty acids) and 2) a human-to-mouse fecal transplant study.

Gemcitabine, carboplatin, and Epstein-Barr virus-specific autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: VANCE, an international randomized phase III trial.

Background: Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (EBV-CTL) is an autologous adoptive T-cell immunotherapy generated from the blood of individuals and manufactured without genetic modification. In a previous phase II trial of locally recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (R/M NPC) patients, first-line gemcitabine and carboplatin (GC) and EBV-CTL combination demonstrated objective antitumor EBV-CTL activity and a favorable safety profile. The present study explored whether this combined first-line chemo-immunotherapy strategy would produce superior clinical efficacy and better quality of life compared with conventional chemotherapy treatment.

Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Co-Exposure and Its Association with Behavioural Outcomes in Middle Childhood: Co-exposition prénatale au cannabis et au tabac et son association avec les résultats comportementaux au cours de l'enfance intermédiaire.

Objectives: Cannabis legalization has triggered an increase in prenatal cannabis use. Given that tobacco is commonly co-used with cannabis, determining outcomes associated with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure is crucial. While literature exists regarding the individual effects of prenatal cannabis and tobacco exposure on childhood behaviour, there is a gap regarding their combined use, which may have interactive effects.

An open-label 16-week study of liraglutide in adolescents with obesity post-sleeve gastrectomy.

Background: Up to 50% of adolescents who undergo metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) have obesity 3 years post-MBS, placing them at continued risk for the consequences of obesity.

Objectives: We conducted an open-label, 16-week pilot study of liraglutide in adolescents with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) to investigate liraglutide effects on weight and body mass index (BMI) post-SG.

Methods: Adolescents aged 12-20.

Online images amplify gender bias.

Each year, people spend less time reading and more time viewing images, which are proliferating online. Images from platforms such as Google and Wikipedia are downloaded by millions every day, and millions more are interacting through social media, such as Instagram and TikTok, that primarily consist of exchanging visual content. In parallel, news agencies and digital advertisers are increasingly capturing attention online through the use of images, which people process more quickly, implicitly and memorably than text.

Child and Adolescent Bariatric Surgery in an Urban Tertiary Center: Special Anesthetic Considerations for Obesity.

Children and adolescents with obesity who present for weight loss surgery are a unique subset of patients. A thorough understanding of the perioperative needs of these individuals is essential to avoid deleterious complications. This review illustrates the necessity for specialized care, including the continued need of specified drug dosing and a systematic approach in the management of the pediatric bariatric patient.

Outcomes after metabolic and bariatric surgery in preteens versus teens using the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database and center-specific data.

Objective: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently released clinical guidelines for the treatment of childhood obesity, including surgery being appropriate for children 13 years of age and older. The use of this age cut-off was due to a lack of data for children younger than 13. To address this knowledge gap, the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database was queried to compare outcomes in preteens to teens after bariatric surgery hypothesizing that there would be no difference in outcomes between the two groups.

Immune profile of adipose tissue from youth with obesity and asthma.

Background: Obesity is a risk factor for paediatric asthma. Obesity-mediated systemic inflammation correlates with metabolic dysregulation; both are associated with asthma burden. However, adipose tissue inflammation is not defined in obesity-related asthma.

EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Uncommon EGFR Mutations: A Podcast.

Supplementary file1 (MP4 21169 KB).

Adipocyte-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Alzheimer Disease Carry miRNAs Predicted to Target the CREB Signaling Pathway in Neurons.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic dysfunction, and progressive dementia. Midlife obesity increases the risk of developing AD. Adipocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles (ad-sEVs) have been implicated as a mechanism in several obesity-related diseases.

Divergences in color perception between deep neural networks and humans.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly proposed as models of human vision, bolstered by their impressive performance on image classification and object recognition tasks. Yet, the extent to which DNNs capture fundamental aspects of human vision such as color perception remains unclear. Here, we develop novel experiments for evaluating the perceptual coherence of color embeddings in DNNs, and we assess how well these algorithms predict human color similarity judgments collected via an online survey.

Real-world relationship of early end points to survival end points in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer.

Pathologic response has been shown to be a promising surrogate for survival in non-small-cell lung cancer. We examined the real-world relationship between these end  points in patients with resectable stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (CT/CRT). Electronic health records/medical charts were analyzed.

Real-world study of patients with locally advanced HNSCC in the community oncology setting.

Introduction: There is a need to understand the current treatment landscape for LA HNSCC in the real-world setting.

Methods: This retrospective study assessed real-world outcomes and treatment patterns of 1,158 adult patients diagnosed with locally advanced (stage III-IVB) HNSCC initiating chemoradiotherapy (CRT) within the period January 2015 to December 2017 in a large network of US community oncology practices. Structured data were abstracted from electronic health records.

Excitatory neuron-specific suppression of the integrated stress response contributes to autism-related phenotypes in fragile X syndrome.

Dysregulation of protein synthesis is one of the key mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the role of a major pathway controlling protein synthesis, the integrated stress response (ISR), in ASD remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the main arm of the ISR, eIF2α phosphorylation (p-eIF2α), is suppressed in excitatory, but not inhibitory, neurons in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS; Fmr1).

The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery.

Obesity affects 42.4% of adults and 19.3% of children in the United States.

Treatment patterns and outcomes in metastatic synovial sarcoma: a real-world study in the US oncology network.

To examine and understand patient characteristics, treatment patterns and outcomes for patients with metastatic synovial sarcoma (mSS) treated in a US community setting. Retrospective observational study in adults with mSS in The US Oncology Network (diagnosed January 2012-December 2018). Of 202 patients diagnosed with synovial sarcoma (SS), 71 had mSS.

Enteral nutrition tolerance in patients receiving neuromuscular blockade.

Background: Nutrition support is an essential part of critical care medicine. It is commonly accepted that for the critically ill patient, enteral nutrition (EN) is favored. For the patient who receives neuromuscular blockades, EN may be held, or initiation delayed, because of concerns for EN intolerance.

The Role of Devices in the Management of Pediatric Obesity.

Purpose Of Review: Approximately 20% of children and adolescents in the USA suffer from obesity with significant long-term effects well into adulthood. Metabolic and bariatric surgery, although well adopted in the adult population, has been underutilized in children.

Recent Findings: There are four categories of weight loss devices regulated by the Food and Drug Administration for use in adults - gastric bands, gastric balloon systems, electrical stimulation systems, and gastric emptying systems.

The impact of parental bariatric surgery and patient age on laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy outcomes in adolescents.

Background: Adolescent obesity is multifactorial, but parental history is the most significant risk factor. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is part of the multidisciplinary approach to adolescent weight loss.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of parental history of bariatric surgery, as well as age at time of operation, on adolescents who underwent LSG at our institution.