Biogenesis of EVs in Trypanosomatids.

Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites responsible for human diseases such as Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis. These organisms' growth in various environments and exhibit multiple morphological stages, while adapting their surface components. They acquire and release materials extensively to get nutrients and manage interactions with the extracellular environment.

Interleukin-9 in Immunopathology of Experimental Infection.

Chagas' disease is a parasitosis caused by , which affects approximately 8 million people worldwide. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced during immunological responses contributes to disease prognosis and progression. Parasite tissue persistence can induce chronic inflammatory stimuli, which can cause long-term tissue injury and fibrosis.

The Recombinant Form of P21 Controls Infection by Modulating Host Immune Response.

P21 protein (P21) is a putative secreted and immunomodulatory molecule with potent bioactive properties such as induction of phagocytosis and actin cytoskeleton polymerization. Despite the bioactive properties described so far, the action of P21 on parasite replication in muscle cell lineage or parasitism during acute experimental infection is unclear. We observed that recombinant P21 (rP21) decreased the multiplication of in C2C12 myoblasts, phenomenon associated with greater actin polymerization and IFN-γ and IL-4 higher expression.

The Deleterious Impact of Interleukin 9 to Hepatorenal Physiology.

IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine, recently recognized as belonging to Th9 cells that are involved in various pathologies. We aimed to evaluate the role of IL-9 in the course of hepatic and renal fibrosis. Female C57BL/6 mice were treated subcutaneously with IL-9 10 ng/mouse and 20 ng/mouse for 40 days, alternating every 5 days each application, the negative control of which was treated with PBS and positive control with CCL.