Toll-Like Receptor 3 Mediates Aortic Stenosis Through a Conserved Mechanism of Calcification.

Background: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is characterized by a phenotypic switch of valvular interstitial cells to bone-forming cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors at the interface between innate immunity and tissue repair. Type I interferons (IFNs) are not only crucial for an adequate antiviral response but also implicated in bone formation.

A post-modification approach to peptide foldamers.

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterning is a powerful strategy to control folding in non-natural polymers/oligomers. In this contribution, we present a novel strategy for the preparation of alternating hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned non-natural peptide foldamers. This strategy relies on the post-modification of a reactive peptide precursor that can be prepared via standard solid phase peptide synthesis without the need for side chain protective groups.