Aquaporin 1 and the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter 1 are present in the leptomeningeal vasculature of the adult rodent central nervous system.

Background: The classical view of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production posits the choroid plexus as its major source. Although previous studies indicate that part of CSF production occurs in the subarachnoid space (SAS), the mechanisms underlying extra-choroidal CSF production remain elusive. We here investigated the distributions of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and Na/K/2Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), key proteins for choroidal CSF production, in the adult rodent brain and spinal cord.

Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep.

Purpose Of Review: The goal of the present paper is to review current literature supporting the occurrence of fundamental changes in brain energy metabolism during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

Recent Findings: Latest research in the field indicates that glucose utilization and the concentrations of several brain metabolites consistently change across the sleep-wake cycle. Lactate, a product of glycolysis that is involved in synaptic plasticity, has emerged as a good biomarker of brain state.