The impact of contrast-enhanced spectral mammogram (CESM) and three-dimensional breast ultrasound (3DUS) on the characterization of the disease extend in cancer patients.

Objective: The main importance of imaging breast cancer is to guide conservative surgeries. In this study, we evaluated the role of contrast-enhanced spectral mammogram (CESM) in correlation with three-dimensional (3D) breast ultrasound in characterizing the extension of the intramammary cancer in view of the: (i) the size of the main tumor, (ii) the multiplicity of the breast cancer, and (iii) the peri-tumoral stromal involvement (i.e.

RAS mutation prevalence among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of real-world data.

Aim: A confirmed wild-type RAS tumor status is commonly required for prescribing anti-EGFR treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. This noninterventional, observational research project estimated RAS mutation prevalence from real-world sources.

Materials & Methods: Aggregate RAS mutation data were collected from 12 sources in three regions.

Association of Viral Infections with Risk of Human Lymphomas, Egypt.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the association of different viral infections, with hepatitis B and C viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and human herpes virus-8 (HBV, HCV, EBV, CMV, HHV-8) with the risk of lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin) among Egyptian patients, and correlate with the histopathological staging and typing as well as the prevalence of combined infections.

Materials And Methods: A total of 100 newly diagnosed lymphoma patients with 100 healthy age and sex matched normal controls were assayed for viral infection using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) followed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: Our results showed a high statistical significant difference between cases and controls as regards clinical and laboratory findings (<0.

Pelvic exenteration and composite sacral resection in the surgical treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer.

Background: The incidence of rectal cancer recurrence after surgery is 5-45%. Extended pelvic resection which entails En-bloc resection of the tumor and adjacent involved organs provides the only true possible curative option for patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer.

Aim: To evaluate the surgical and oncological outcome of such treatment.

Ki-67 is a powerful tool for grading neuroendocrine tumors among Egyptian patients: a 10-year experience.

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise in most organs of the body and share many common pathologic features. However, a variety of organ-specific systems have been developed for nomenclature, grading and staging of NETs, causing much confusion. In collaboration with WHO, the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) recommended the use of either mitotic rate or Ki-67 labeling index (LI) for grading and classification.

Role of Ki67 in predicting resistance to adjuvant tamoxifen in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a major health problem in Egypt and worldwide. Its prognosis depends not only on tumor stage but also on tumor biology.

Aim: To correlate the expression of Ki67 with the clinical outcomes of early hormone-receptor positive postmenopausal BC patients who are receiving tamoxifen.

FHIT, EGFR, and MSH2: possible etiopathologic, prognostic, and predictive role in non-small cell lung carcinoma in Egyptian patients.

The high incidence and mortality of lung carcinoma in Egypt necessitates studying the factors that may be implicated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) pathogenesis and could affect patient management. The aim was to study FHIT, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and MSH2 protein expression in Egyptian patients with NSCLC. Immunohistochemical staining for FHIT, EGFR, and MSH2 was performed on 64 specimens from NSCLC patients and correlated with prognostic parameters, response to therapy, and overall survival.

Clinical prognostic factors of diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a retrospective study.

Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of NHL in Egypt. It represents about 49% of NHL presenting to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University. CHOP regimen is the standard treatment used for NHL since the 1970s with only 30-40% overall survival.

Clinicopathologic significance of molecular classification of breast cancer: relation to nottingham prognosis index.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to determine the possible relationship between the different profiles of molecular expression of hormone receptors and Her-2÷neu receptors to clinical and histopathological known prognostic variables for breast cancer.

Materials And Methods: A total of 110 breast carcinoma tumor samples were included. In this study 4 groups or immunohistochemical profiles were defined, based on expression of hormone receptors (estrogen and÷or progesterone) and÷or Her2÷neu (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 overexpressing profile, and triple-negative profile).

Tissue and serum EGFR as prognostic factors in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an asbestos related aggressive tumor. Asbestos causes genetic modifications and cell signaling events that favor resistance to chemotherapy. A variety of receptor tyrosine kinases have been identified to play a central role in various aspects of tumorigenesis.

Viral and non-viral risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Egypt: heterogeneity by histological and immunological subtypes.

Objective: Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are etiologically heterogeneous malignancies. In Egypt, we previously reported an association of increased NHL risk with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our present aim is to assess the association between HCV infection and histological subtypes of NHL.

Clinical significance of altered nm23-H1, EGFR, RB and p53 expression in bilharzial bladder cancer.

Background: Clinical characterization of bladder carcinomas is still inadequate using the standard clinico-pathological prognostic markers. We assessed the correlation between nm23-H1, Rb, EGFR and p53 in relation to the clinical outcome of patients with muscle invasive bilharzial bladder cancer (MI-BBC).

Methods: nm23-H1, Rb, EGFR and p53 expression was assessed in 59 MI-BBC patients using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription (RT-PCR) and was correlated to the standard clinico-pathological prognostic factors, patient's outcome and the overall survival (OS) rate.

Bilharziasis and bladder cancer: a time trend analysis of 9843 patients.

Objective: To explore any changes in bladder carcinoma during 37 years period, in regard to: its frequency, bilharzia association, histological profile and demographic data.

Patients And Methods: This is a retrospective study on 9843 patients treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, during the years 1970-2007. Three groups were selected: series (A) included 3212 patients during 1970-1974, series (B) 3988 patients during 1985-1989 and series (C) 2643 patients during 2003-2007.

Evaluation of bone marrow in 143 lymphomas: the relative frequency and pattern of involvement, secondary myelopathies, pitfalls and diagnostic validity.

Unlabelled: The aim of the present study is to assess the frequency of bone marrow (BM) involvement by both bone marrow aspirate and biopsy (BMA and BMB, respectively) procedures in established cases of lymphomas at initial presentation, and to study the relative frequency of marrow disease in relation to lymphoma types, patterns of infiltration and the 2ry associated changes, as well as the diagnostic challenges. Moreover, the diagnostic validity of BMA is tested taking the results of the BMB as the true test results, in order to determine the role of each procedure in the diagnostic approach of marrow infiltration.

Patients And Method: This is a retrospective study carried out on 143 nonconsecutive Egyptian patients with lymphomas obtained from a private series during the years 2005 to 2008.

The role of cyclins and cyclins inhibitors in the multistep process of HPV-associated cervical carcinoma.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are associated with cervical carcinogenesis. This is possibly achieved through an interaction between HPV oncogenic proteins and some cell cycle regulatory genes. However, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms are not well defined yet.

Evaluation of MIB-1 and p53 overexpression as risk factors in large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults.

Background: Improvement of current results of therapy for large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients can be achieved by optimization of initial treatment or application of risk-adapted therapy. The international prognostic index ( IPI), introduced to identify high-risk patients, was recently criticized because it was based on clinical risk factors only, ignoring important tumor molecular risk factors and it fails to identify a sector of high-risk patients, who ultimately relapse.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of two tumor biomarkers:MIB-1 and p53 as potential risk factors in diffuse large cell lymphoma.

Review article composite lymphoma.

Background : Composite lymphoma (CL) is a rare disease that has been identified in recent literature. The term composite lymphoma was first proposed to denote the occurrence of more than one lymphoma in a single patient; however, the present accepted definition is the occurrence of 2 or more distinct lymphoma types in a single anatomic site. The condition could be concurrent or sequential.

Locally advanced rectal carcinoma: preoperative radiotherapy versus postoperative chemoradiation, 10-year follow-up results of a randomized clinical study.

Purpose: A prospective study was designed to randomize locally advanced rectal carcinoma patients between either preoperative radiotherapy (+/- postoperative chemotherapy) or postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation. Two end points were evaluated, local recurrence and survival, aiming at defining prognostic parameters that can help in the choice of the optimum treatment modality.

Patients And Methods: This is a prospective randomized clinical study including patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, during the period from December 1994 to January 1999.

The prognostic impact of some cell cycle regulatory proteins in Egyptian breast cancer patients.

Purpose: The particular goal of this work is to study some cell cycle regulatory proteins and their potential impact on prognosis of breast cancer; p53, cyclin D1 and p27 are potential effectors being the major contributors to the control of the restriction (R) check point of the cell cycle. We also aimed to evaluate different techniques used to detect these cell cycle proteins.

Material And Methods: Forty five breast cancer patients as well as 10 controls with non malignant pathology were assessed for cell cycle regulators each by 2 different techniques; p53 was assessed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), cyclin D1 by Western Blotting (WB) and IHC and p27 by WB and IHC.

Prognostic factors of Hodgkin's lymphoma and their impact on response to chemotherapy and survival.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the standard prognostic factors of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) in relation to response to first line chemotherapy, disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Patients And Methods: The study was performed on a group of 100 adult patients diagnosed as HL and who were treated and followed-up in the years 1999 to 2001, in the Medical Oncology Department at National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo. The first line chemotherapy was COPP in 40%, ABVD in 35% and COPP/ABV hybrid in 25%.

Differing DNA methylation patterns and gene mutation frequencies in colorectal carcinomas from Middle Eastern countries.

Purpose: The epidemiology of colorectal carcinoma is well known to differ among countries but the molecular characteristics are usually assumed to be similar. International differences in molecular pathology have not been studied extensively but have implications for the management of patients in different countries and of immigrant patients.

Experimental Design: We evaluated the CpG island methylator phenotype pathway characterized by concordant methylation of gene promoters that often silences transcription of the genes, the microsatellite instability pathway, and K-ras and p53 gene status in 247 colorectal carcinomas from the three selected Middle Eastern countries of Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey.

Hepatitis C virus-NS3P in relation to p53, p21waf, mdm2, p21-ras and c-erbB2 in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Background: The non-structural protein 3 (NS3P) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome was linked to the neoplastic transformation of normal hepatocytes in chronically infected patients. However, the exact mechanisms involved in this process are unidentified yet, especially in the Egyptian population where the commonest type is genotype 4.

Methods: We investigated 32 HCV reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and 18 morphologically normal hepatic tissues distant to tumors (MNT) for the correlation between HCV-NS3P, p53, p21(waf), mdm2, p21ras and c-erbB2 and DNA content by immunohistochemistry and image analysis.

Associations of pesticides, HCV, HBV, and hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt.

The rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in Egypt where the major risk factors are chronic infections with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV). A major segment of the population is employed in agriculture, raising the possibility that exposure to pesticides is an additional risk factor for HCC. The objective of this study is to investigate pesticides as environmental risk factors for HCC while taking into account viral risk factors.

Chromosomal aberrations in Cis and Ta bilharzial bladder cancer: a theory of pathogenesis.

Background: Bladder cancer manifests many different forms ranging from superficial to aggressive muscle invasive stages, which suggests that various genetic alterations are involved. Several attempts have been made to establish correlations between specific genetic alterations and various stages of the disease. At the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo, bladder cancer constitutes 30.

Emerging role of p53, bcl-2 and telomerase activity in Egyptian breast cancer patients.

Apoptotic cell death represents an important mechanism for the precise regulation of cell numbers, and a defense mechanism against tumor cells. Both bcl-2 and mutant p53 gene products have been involved in apoptotic pathways. On the other hand, cell proliferation capacity and tumorgenesis have been controlled by telomerase.