Comprehensive Ultrasound Assessment of the Craniocervical Circulation in Transient Global Amnesia.

Objectives: Structural changes and metabolic stress have been reported on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the cornu ammonis 1 area of the hippocampus in patients with transient global amnesia (TGA), but a consensus on pathogenesis is still lacking. The aim of our study was to perform a comprehensive ultrasound analysis of the cerebrovascular circulation in our population of patients with TGA.

Methods: One hundred patients with TGA and 50 age- and sex-matched control participants underwent ultrasound examinations of the cervicocranial circulation.

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis can be presenting manifestation of breast carcinoma.

Introduction: Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is a serious complication occuring in solid cancer patients with rather poor prognosis.

Case Report: We presented a 47-year-old woman with the 6-month history of diffuse headache, nausea and visual obscuration. Initially, clinical status and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated syndrome of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Carotid artery wall stiffness is increased in patients with small vessel disease: A case-control study.

Introduction: Cerebral ischemic small-vessel disease (SVD), causing lacunar infarcts and white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a progressive disease associated with an increased risk of stroke, dementia and death. Increased arterial stiffness has been associated with ischemic stroke and cerebral SVD independently of common vascular risk factors.

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze arterial stiffness in our patients with symptomatic SVD.

Migraine with aura and TCD bubble-test: The significance of positive result.

Background/aim: The association between the right-to-left shunt (RLS) and migraine with aura (MA) has been proven so far. The aim of this study was to determine if the presence of RLS detected as a result of transcranial doppler (TCD) bubble-test, makes any difference in clinical presentation, aura and headache in patients with MA.

Methods: A single-group descriptive study was conducted on 153 patients diagnosed with MA.

Decreased Insulin Sensitivity and Impaired Fibrinolytic Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Nondiabetics with Ischemic Stroke.

We analyzed (a) insulin sensitivity (IS), (b) plasma insulin (PI), and (c) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with (group A) and without (group B) atherothrombotic ischemic stroke (ATIS), nondiabetics with ATIS (group C), and healthy controls (group D). IS was determined by minimal model (Si). Si was lower in A versus B (1.

Hippocampal diffusion tensor imaging microstructural changes in vascular dementia.

To explore microstructural integrity of hippocampus in vascular dementia (VD) using DTI. Twenty-five individuals with VD, without magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of gray matter pathology, and 25 matched healthy control (HC) individuals underwent a 3T MRI protocol including T2, FLAIR, and PD in the axial plane, 3D whole-brain T1-weighted with an isotropic resolution of 1 mm, and DTI acquired using 64 diffusion sensitizing directions, b value of 1,500 s/mm(2), 65 axial slices, isotropic resolution of 1.8 mm.

Cluster headache as a first manifestation of multiple sclerosis: case report and literature review.

Cluster headache (CH) is estimated to be the most common primary trigeminal autonomic headache, although it is a rare disabling medical condition. Dominant symptoms of CH include severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital, and/or temporal pain, lasting from 15 to 180 minutes if untreated, associated with at least one of various autonomic symptoms during the headache, such as conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, facial sweating, miosis, ptosis, and eyelid edema. Headache is not frequently a symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Correlation of carotid artery disease severity and vasomotor response of cerebral blood vessels.

We assessed reactivity of cerebral vessels on hypercapnia in patients with carotid occlusive disease. The effects of vascular risk factors on carotid atherosclerosis and vasomotor reactivity (VMR) of cerebral arterioles were also examined. Patients (n = 50) with carotid stenosis (≥30% in 1 or both sides) were included; 30 patients acted as controls.

Type 2 diabetic patients with ischemic stroke: decreased insulin sensitivity and decreases in antioxidant enzyme activity are related to different stroke subtypes.

We analyzed (a) insulin sensitivity (IS) and (b) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme activity in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients with atherothrombotic infarction (ATI) (group A), lacunar infarction (LI) (B), or without stroke (C) and in nondiabetics with ATI (D), LI (E), or without stroke (F). ATI and LI were confirmed by brain imaging IS levels were determined by minimal model (Si index), and the enzyme activity by spectrophotometry. In T2D patients, Si was lower in A and B versus C (1.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension from the perspective of headache center.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a pathological state defined as an increase of intracranial pressure in the absence of a causative pathological process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of the patients with IIH diagnosed in our Headache Center according to the current knowledge of this disorder. In the retrospective and cross-sectional analysis of 3395 patients we present 12 newly diagnosed IIH patients, ten women and two men, aged from 19 to 51, with obtained values of cerebrospinal fluid pressure between 250 and 680 mm of water.

Neurosarcoidosis: two case reports with multiple cranial nerve involvement and review of the literature.

Background: Involvement of the central nervous system is registered in a relatively small number of patients with sarcoidosis. In this article we present two cases with various neurological symptoms that fulfill criteria for neurosarcoidosis (NS). In addition, we review the literature on NS with special attention to isolated cranial nerve involvement.

Is sonothrombolysis an effective stroke treatment?

New therapeutic strategies under development aim to improve recanalization rates and clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke. One such approach is ultrasound (US)-enhanced thrombolysis, or sonothrombolysis, which can improve thrombolytic drug actions and even intrinsic fibrinolysis. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, it is postulated that thrombolysis enhancement is related to nonthermal mechanical effects of US.

Changes in the retrobulbar arterial circulation after decrease of elevated intraocular pressue in patients with primary open angle glaucoma.

Introduction: An altered perfusion of the optic nerve head has been proposed as a pathogenic factor in glaucoma.

Objective: To evaluate changes of haemodynamic parameters in the retrobulbar arterial circulation after a decrease of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods: Twenty-six patients were examined, 14 men and 12 women, 21 up to 50 years old and 5 below, all with previously diagnosed and treated POAG, and all examined at the Eye Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia.

Multivoxel MRS: right frontal parafalcine cortex - area of neurobiochemical gender differentiation?

Objective: To determine the presence of gender neurometabolic differences in healthy men and women by multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Materials And Methods: We performed multivoxel magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in 50 healthy volunteers (27 women and 23 men) using 1.5T scanner.

Correlation between ocular pulse amplitude measured by dynamic contour tonometer and colour Doppler flow imaging of the arteric retrobulbar vessels.

Introduction: An altered perfusion of the optic nerve head has been proposed as a pathogenic factor in glaucoma.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), measured by Dynamic contour tonometer (DCT) and colour Doppler imaging (CDI) of the arteric retrobulbar vessels.

Methods: Twenty patients older than 50 years were examined, and divided into two equal groups.

Speech and language disorders secondary to diffuse subcortical vascular lesions: Neurolinguistic and acoustic analysis. A case report.

Background And Purpose: Subcortical white matter (WM) plays an important role in speech production and language processing. Most frequently, cerebral WM lesions are secondary to small vessel disease in patients with vascular risk factors. We report the case of a 53-year-old man with history of hypertension and ischemic subcortical lesions, who presented with speech difficulties and mild cognitive impairment.

[Styloid syndrome: a review of literature].

The American otolaryngologist Eagle was the first to describe styloid syndrome in 1937. Stylohyoid complex is composed of styloid process, stylohyoid ligament and a lesser horn of the hyoid bone. Embriologicaly, these anatomical structures originate from Reichert's cartilage of the second brachial arch.

[Stylocarotid syndrome: a case report].

Introduction: The American otolaryngologist Eagle was the first to describe styloid syndrome in 1937 and the syndrome was named after him (Eagle's syndrome). The original description of two separate syndromes is connected with his name: classical syndrome, which almost constantly occurs after tonsillectomy and carotid artery syndrome, which occurs without tonsillectomy and also in cases when stylohyoid complex compresses the carotid segments and perivascular sympathetic fibers. In the following years, two more syndromes were defined: stylohyoid and pseudostylohyoid, which according to their manifestations, correspond to the genuine classical form.

[Transcranial Doppler test for evaluation of cerebral artery embolism--microemboli detection].

About one third of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases have embolic properties. Because of that, transcranial Doppler (TCD) test for detection of microembolic signals (MES), as the only one method for detection of microemboli, is a very important test for the evaluation of cerebral artery embolism. Cerebral emboli are particles of thrombus or atheromatous plaque, platelet aggregates, lipid or air particles in cerebral circulation, which can occlude arterioles and cause ischaemic transient attack (TIA) or stroke.

[New indications for transcranial Doppler--huge steps forward].

Huge steps forward in understanding and treatment of ischemic stroke happened in the last several decades. Significant part of this progress is due to advances in diagnostic possibilities, with the leading role of transcranial Doppler (TCD). The American Academy of Neurology has recently published new guidelines and indications for TCD use.