PHQ-9, CES-D, health insurance data-who is identified with depression? A Population-based study in persons with diabetes.

Aims: Several instruments are used to identify depression among patients with diabetes and have been compared for their test criteria, but, not for the overlaps and differences, for example, in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the individuals identified with different instruments.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among a random sample of a statutory health insurance (SHI) (n = 1,579) with diabetes and linked it with longitudinal SHI data. Depression symptoms were identified using either the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale or the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and a depressive disorder was identified with a diagnosis in SHI data, resulting in 8 possible groups.

Using statutory health insurance data to evaluate non-response in a cross-sectional study on depression among patients with diabetes in Germany.

Background: Low response rates do not indicate poor representativeness of study populations if non-response occurs completely at random. A non-response analysis can help to investigate whether non-response is a potential source for bias within a study.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey among a random sample of a health insurance population with diabetes (n = 3642, 58.