Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition frequently attributed to uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, has become an economic and public health burden both globally and locally. The present study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of lead and hypertension (HTN) on chronic renal failure (CRF).
Method: It was a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi.
Objectives: To identify and quantify chromium and lead as contaminant in water sources of Karachi.
Methods: This water assessment survey was conducted from June 2007 to February 2008 in all the 18 towns of Karachi. In total 216 water samples were collected from ground (n=108) and surface water sources (n = 108).