The Accordion Pill: unique oral delivery to enhance pharmacokinetics and therapeutic benefit of challenging drugs.

Accordion Pill (AP) is a novel gastric-retention oral delivery platform based on folded multilayer films (Intec Pharma, Jerusalem, Israel). Phase II clinical trials have evaluated gastric retention and pharmacokinetics (PK) of AP in healthy volunteers and efficacy and safety of AP containing carbidopa and levodopa (AP-CD/LD) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). AP was retained in the stomach for approximately 8 h, without special meal requirements.

Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a novel formulation of carbidopa-levodopa (Accordion Pill) in Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Dopamine replacement via levodopa (LD) remains the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its use is often associated with motor complications within several years of continued use. The Accordion Pill (AP-CD/LD) is a novel drug delivery system based on gastric retention of multilayer films containing immediate-release (IR) carbidopa (CD) and immediate- and controlled-release LD. The AP-CD/LD was designed to improve the consistency of LD in the bloodstream while offering patients with PD more consistent symptom management.

Design of Ligands That Stabilize Cu(I) and Shift the Reduction Potential of the Cu(II/I) Couple Cathodically in Aqueous Solutions.

The ligands R(2)NCH(2)CH(2)N(R)CH(2)CH(2)N(R)CH(2)CH=CH(2), where R = H, CH(3), were synthesized. The stability constants of their complexes with Cu(II) and Cu(I) in aqueous solutions were determined. Both ligands stabilize Cu(I) in aqueous solutions, though the reduction potentials of both (CuL(i)())(2+/+) couples are shifted cathodically in comparison to the Cu(2+/+)(aq) couple.