Efficacy and safety of a lipid-containing artificial tear compared with a non-lipid containing tear: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent condition affecting over 16 million patients in the USA. DED and the symptoms of ocular discomfort are debilitating and a significant burden on patients. If left untreated, DED can progress to cause severe pathology.

Model based fitting of pattern reversal visually evoked potentials provides a reliable characterization of waveform components.

Objective: To introduce a novel approach to analyzing pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (prVEPs) using a difference-of-gammas model-based fitting method.

Methods: prVEP was recorded from uninjured youth ages 11-19 years during pre- or postseason sports evaluation. A difference-of-gammas model fit was used to extract the amplitude, peak time, and peak width of each of four gamma components.

Biometric and refractive changes following the monocular application of peripheral myopic defocus using a novel augmented-reality optical system in adults.

The prevalence of myopia is growing at an alarming rate and is associated with axial elongation of the eye. The cause of this undesirable physiological change involves multiple factors. When the magnitude of myopia approaches high levels, this accompanying mechanical effect increases the risk of developing other clinical conditions associated with permanent vision loss.

Effect of short-term peripheral myopic defocus on ocular biometrics using Fresnel "press-on" lenses in humans.

This study assessed axial length and choroidal thickness changes following short-term peripheral myopic defocus in normal adult subjects. Twenty subjects underwent defocus sessions by viewing a full-field projected movie 4 m away for 4 h in the morning, while wearing spectacle lenses, corrected for distance vision in both eyes. The right eye, serving as the test eye, was peripherally defocused using a Fresnel lens overlay of + 3.

Visual Performance as a Function of Clear Central Aperture Diameter with a Defocused Myopic Periphery.

Significance: Visual performance is affected least by a 15° radial aperture surrounded by peripheral myopic defocus. This finding has important applications for spectacle and contact lens designs and myopia control optimization.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of clear central apertures of different diameters with a defocused retinal periphery, using a range of visual performance tasks.

Developmental Effects on Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials Characterized by Principal Component Analysis.

Purpose: Peak amplitude and peak latency in the pattern reversal visual evoked potential (prVEP) vary with maturation. We considered that principal component analysis (PCA) may be used to describe age-related variation over the entire prVEP time course and provide a means of modeling and removing variation due to developmental age.

Methods: PrVEP was recorded from 155 healthy subjects ages 11 to 19 years at two time points.

Utility of Pupillary Light Reflex Metrics as a Physiologic Biomarker for Adolescent Sport-Related Concussion.

Importance: Concussion diagnosis remains clinical, without objective diagnostic tests available for adolescents. Known deficits in visual accommodation and autonomic function after concussion make the pupillary light reflex (PLR) a promising target as an objective physiological biomarker for concussion.

Objective: To determine the potential utility of PLR metrics as physiological biomarkers for concussion.

Understanding the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on the pupillary light reflex.

The pupillary light reflex represents an optimal visual system to investigate and exploit in the mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) population. Static and dynamic aspects of the pupillary light reflex were investigated objectively and quantitatively in the mTBI population. Pupillary responsivity was found to be significantly delayed, slowed and reduced, but symmetrical in nature, and with a smaller baseline diameter, as compared with normals.

Intensity response function of the photopic negative response (PhNR): effect of age and test-retest reliability.

Purpose: To assess the effect of age and test-retest reliability of the intensity response function of the full-field photopic negative response (PhNR) in normal healthy human subjects.

Methods: Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from one eye of 45 subjects, and 39 of these subjects were tested on two separate days with a Diagnosys Espion System (Lowell, MA, USA). The visual stimuli consisted of brief (<5 ms) red flashes ranging from 0.

Influence of refractive error on pupillary dynamics in the normal and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) populations.

Purpose: There have been several studies investigating static, baseline pupil diameter in visually-normal individuals across refractive error. However, none have assessed the dynamic pupillary light reflex (PLR). In the present study, both static and dynamic pupillary parameters of the PLR were assessed in both the visually-normal (VN) and the mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) populations and compared as a function of refractive error.