Comparing performances of french orthopaedic surgery residents with the artificial intelligence ChatGPT-4/4o in the French diploma exams of orthopaedic and trauma surgery.

Introduction: This study evaluates the performance of ChatGPT, particularly its versions 4 and 4o, in answering questions from the French orthopedic and trauma surgery exam (Diplôme d'Études Spécialisées, DES), compared to the results of French orthopedic surgery residents. Previous research has examined ChatGPT's capabilities across various medical specialties and exams, with mixed results, especially in the interpretation of complex radiological images.

Hypothesis: ChatGPT version 4o was capable of achieving a score equal to or higher (not lower) than that of residents for the DES exam.

Lipopolysaccharide Induces GFAT2 Expression to Promote -Linked β--Acetylglucosaminylation and Attenuate Inflammation in Macrophages.

Glycosylation with -linked β--acetylglucosamine (-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. However, little is known concerning the mechanisms that regulate the protein -GlcNAcylation level in these cells.