Radiological artificial intelligence - predicting personalized immunotherapy outcomes in lung cancer.

Personalized medicine has revolutionized approaches to treatment in the field of lung cancer by enabling therapies to be specific to each patient. However, physicians encounter an immense number of challenges in providing the optimal treatment regimen for the individual given the sheer complexity of clinical aspects such as tumor molecular profile, tumor microenvironment, expected adverse events, acquired or inherent resistance mechanisms, the development of brain metastases, the limited availability of biomarkers and the choice of combination therapy. The integration of innovative next-generation technologies such as deep learning-a subset of machine learning-and radiomics has the potential to transform the field by supporting clinical decision making in cancer treatment and the delivery of precision therapies while integrating numerous clinical considerations.

Distribution of Aeration and Pulmonary Blood Volume in Healthy, ARDS and COVID-19 Lungs: A Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Retrospective Cohort Study.

Rationale And Objectives: Few reports have studied lung aeration and perfusion in normal lungs, COVID-19, and ARDS from other causes (NC-ARDS) using dual-energy computed tomography pulmonary angiograms (DE-CTPA). To describe lung aeration and blood-volume distribution using DE-CTPAs of patients with NC-ARDS, COVID-19, and controls with a normal DE-CTPA ("healthy lungs"). We hypothesized that each of these conditions has unique ranges of aeration and pulmonary blood volumes.

The Added Value of a High CT Coronary Artery Calcium Score in the Management of Patients Presenting with Acute Chest Pain vs. Stable Chest Pain.

Background: Contrast computerized tomography (CT) scan is occasionally aborted due to a high coronary artery calcium score (CACS). For the same CACS in our clinical practice, we observed a higher occurrence of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with acute chest pain (ACP) compared to patients with stable chest pain (SCP). Since it is known that ACP differs in many ways from SCP, the aim of this study was to compare the predictive value of a high CACS for the diagnosis of severe CAD between ACP and SCP patients.

Loss of left ventricular rotation is a significant determinant of functional mitral regurgitation.

Aim: To evaluate insufficient rotational movement of the left ventricle (LV) as a potential novel mechanism for functional regurgitation of the mitral valve (FMR).

Methods And Results: We compared reference subjects and patients with LV dysfunction (LVD, ejection fraction EF < 50%) with and without FMR (regurgitant volume RVol>10 ml). Subjects without structural mitral valve pathology undergoing cardiac MRI were evaluated.

Diffuse pulmonary calcifications: A case series and review of literature.

Pulmonary calcifications are usually incidental asymptomatic findings discovered on x-rays or computed tomography scans that can be easily overlooked, and their significance undermined, especially in a seemingly asymptomatic person. Calcifications can be a marker of chronicity or disease severity, and thus have diagnostic value. Rarely, calcification can be the direct cause of morbidity.

COVID-19 classification of X-ray images using deep neural networks.

Objectives: In the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, chest X-ray (CXR) imaging is playing an important role in diagnosis and monitoring of patients with COVID-19. We propose a deep learning model for detection of COVID-19 from CXRs, as well as a tool for retrieving similar patients according to the model's results on their CXRs. For training and evaluating our model, we collected CXRs from inpatients hospitalized in four different hospitals.

Is There a Need for a Pulmonary Artery Catheter in Cardiac Surgery Today?

Pulmonary artery catheters are a useful tool for hemodynamic monitoring in high-risk patients during surgery and while in intensive care. However, there are major risks inherent to the device, and with modern day technology, their routine use has decreased. We discuss the need for routine insertion of pulmonary artery catheters in cardiac surgery.

Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patient: A Case Report.

Context: Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage is a rare condition with potentially life-threatening consequences such as acute adrenal insufficiency. Early adrenal axis testing, as well as directed imaging, is crucial for immediate diagnosis and treatment. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with coagulopathy and thromboembolic events.

Ibrutinib-associated invasive fungal diseases in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: An observational study.

Background: Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are life-threatening infections most commonly diagnosed in acute leukaemia patients with prolonged neutropenia and are uncommonly diagnosed in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases.

Objectives: Following the initial report of aspergillosis diagnosed shortly after beginning ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, a survey was developed to seek additional cases of IFD during ibrutinib treatment.

Methods: Local and international physicians and groups were approached for relevant cases.

The radiological myometrial appearance after cesarean section: is it associated with postpartum complications and subsequent delivery outcome?

Purpose: To evaluate whether the characteristics of the radiological uterine myometrial discontinuity (RMD) is associated with maternal-neonatal outcomes and post-cesarean section (CS) complications. A secondary aim was to describe the evolution of the CT uterine surgical incision and the related outcome of a subsequent trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC).

Methods: Single center retrospective cohort study of CT scans was performed within 6 weeks from cesarean delivery.

Dual-energy computed tomography as a diagnostic tool for gout during intercritical periods.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic yield of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in detection of uric acid accumulation in joints or periarticular structures in patients suspected of having gout, in their intercritical period.

Methods: Patients with a history of recurrent, short-lived mono- or oligo-arthralgia or arthritis, referred to the rheumatology clinic for diagnosis of their condition, were included in this retrospective evaluation.

Results: DECT confirmed the diagnosis of gout in 30 of 50 patients (60%).

MEK inhibitor treatment is effective in a patient with metastatic carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater with BRAF and NRAS mutations shown by next-generation sequencing.

Here, we present a case of an 84-year-old woman who developed obstructive jaundice and was diagnosed with nonoperable adenocarcinoma originating from the ampulla of Vater, a lethal disease with a median overall survival of less than a year. Her tumor was examined by next-generation sequencing, which showed BRAF and NRAS mutations. To target these mutations, a MEK inhibitor was chosen for treatment.

The "Tree-in-Bud" Pattern on Chest CT: Radiologic and Microbiologic Correlation.

Background: Tree-in-bud (TIB) is a radiologic pattern seen on high-resolution chest CT reflecting bronchiolar mucoid impaction occasionally with additional involvement of adjacent alveoli. Its microbiologic significance has not been systematically evaluated.

Objectives: We aimed to establish the incidence of the TIB pattern as a proportion of all patients undergoing chest CT and to identify its etiology wherever possible.

Ectopic pancreatic pseudocyst and cyst presenting as a cervical and mediastinal mass: case report and review of the literature.

Unlabelled: Ectopic pancreas in the mediastinum is extremely rare. We are reporting on a case of a twenty two year old woman who presented to our clinic with a large cervical mass. The CT scan revealed a cystic lesion in the anterior mediastinum.

Leukocyte telomere length and coronary artery calcification in Palestinians.

Objective: Shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and increased mortality. We examined the association of LTL with coronary artery calcification (CAC), which reflects the cumulative burden of coronary atherosclerosis, in an urban Arab sample of Palestinians, a population at high risk of CHD.

Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a random sample of East Jerusalem residents, comprising 250 men aged 45-77 and women aged 55-76 and free of CHD or past stroke, was drawn from the Israel national population register.

Severe influenza A (H1N1): the course of imaging findings.

Background: An outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel swine-origin influenza virus (influenza A/H1N1 2009) that began in Mexico was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in June 2009. The pandemic affected many countries, including Israel.

Objectives: To compare the course of chest radiographic and computed tomography findings in patients who survived and those who died following admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) or intubation due to severe laboratory-confirmed swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 2009.