A brief history of Russian research on the autonomic nervous system.

The first information on the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system dates back to the time of Galen (second century), while the beginning of the study of the autonomic nervous system in Russia can be traced back to the mid-19th century. This review is devoted to the professional achievements of Russian researchers in the 19th and 20th centuries who were active in the field of the autonomic nervous system at different stages of the development of neuromorphology and neurophysiology. In addition, recent achievements of modern Russian researchers active in this domain are also highlighted.

Expression of calbindin and calretinin in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei during aging.

The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of rhythms, autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral functions and may also participate in aging development and control. The aim of this work was to study the expression of calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) in the ventromedial (VMH) and dorsomedial (DMH) hypothalamic nuclei in young and old rats of both sexes by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. In young animals, the largest number of CB-immunoreactive (IR) neurons was detected in the ventral part of DMH (DMHv) and smaller percentage was found in its dorsal part (DMHd), in the dorsomedial part of the VMH (VMHdm) and in the ventrolateral part of the VMH (VMHvl).

Antagonists D1 and D2 of Dopamine Receptors Determine Different Mechanisms of Neuroprotective Action in the Frog Vestibular.

The high functional plasticity of the glutamatergic synapse of the vestibular epithelium is supported by a delicate balance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions. One of the peptides co-localized with acetylcholine (ACh) in the efferent fibers is dopamine. Using external perfusion of the synaptic zone and multiunit recording of an afferent fibers activity the effect of dopamine antagonists on the background firing rate of the semicircular canal sensory fibers was studied on the isolated frog vestibular.

Neuroleptic Chlorpromazine Modulates Ca Responses in Macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, we have shown for the first time that sigma-1 receptor antagonist neuroleptic chlorpromazine significantly inhibits glutoxim- and molixan-induced Ca responses and Ca responses induced by endoplasmic reticulum Са-ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid in rat peritoneal macrophages. The results suggest the involvement of sigma-1 receptors in the signaling cascade induced by glutoxim or molixan and leading to intracellular Ca concentration increase and in the regulation of store-dependent Ca entry in macrophages.

Sigma-1 Receptor Agonist Amitriptyline Inhibits Store-Dependent Ca Entry in Macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, we have shown for the first time that sigma-1 receptor agonist-tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline-significantly inhibits store-dependent Ca entry, induced by endoplasmic Ca-ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, in rat peritoneal macrophages. The results suggest a possible involvement of sigma-1 receptors in the regulation of store-dependent Ca entry in macrophages.

Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonists Haloperidol and Chlorpromazine Modulate the Effect of Glutoxim on Na Transport in Frog Skin.

Using voltage-clamp technique, the involvement of sigma-1 receptors in the regulation of Na transport in frog skin by the immunomodulatory drug glutoxim was investigated. We have shown for the first time that preincubation of the frog skin with the sigma-1 receptor antagonists haloperidol and chlorpromazine attenuates the stimulatory effect of glutoxim on the Na transport. The results suggest the possible involvement of the sigma-1 receptors in the regulation of Na transport in frog skin epithelium by glutoxim.

Sympathetic Innervation of Stomach in Postnatal Development.

Sympathetic innervation of the stomach was studied in rats by the method of retrograde axon transport of Fast Blue in postnatal ontogenesis. The number of labeled neurons increased in the first 10 days of life and then did not change until the senescence. All labeled neurons innervating the stomach contain the catecholamine synthesis enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase.

Increased paracellular permeability of tumor-adjacent areas in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.

Objective: The morphology and functions of the proximal and distal large intestine are not the same. The incidence of colorectal cancer in these regions is also different, as tumors more often appear in the descending colon than in the ascending colon. Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer can increase transepithelial permeability, which is a sign of reduced intestinal barrier function.

The Effects of Weak Static Magnetic Field on the Development of Organotypic Tissue Culture in Rats.

The effects of weak static magnetic field on the organotypic tissue culture of the rat cerebral cortex, liver, and spleen have been investigated. Exposure to a 200 μT static magnetic field induces tissue development, leading to the intensification of regeneration processes compared to the control explants.

Amitriptyline Attenuates Ca Responses Induced by Glutoxim and Molixan in Macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, we have shown for the first time that sigma-1 receptor agonist, tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline, significantly inhibits glutoxim- and molixan-induced Ca-responses in rat peritoneal macrophages. The results suggest possible involvement of sigma-1 receptors in the signaling cascade induced by glutoxim or molixan and leading to intracellular Ca concentration increase in macrophages.

Soluble Guanylate Cyclase As the Key Enzyme in the Modulating Effect of NO on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors.

The synaptic plasticity of the afferent synapse of the vestibular apparatus is defined by the dynamic interaction of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and the modulators of synaptic transmission. It was shown that nitric oxide modulates iGluR responses. In this paper, the effect of NO on the function of the afferent synapse mGluR was investigated.

Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist Haloperidol Attenuates Store-Dependent Ca Entry in Macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, we have shown for the first time that preincubation of macrophages with sigma-1 receptor antagonist haloperidol leads to a significant inhibition of the store-dependent Ca entry induced by endoplasmic Ca-ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid in rat peritoneal macrophages. The results suggest the involvement of the sigma-1 receptor in the regulation of storedependent Ca entry in macrophages.

Epoxygenase Inhibitors Attenuate the Stimulatory Effect of Glutoxim on Na Transport in Frog Skin.

Using voltage-clamp technique, the involvement of epoxygenases in immunomodulatory drug glutoxim regulation of Na transport in frog skin was investigated. We have shown for the first time that preincubation of the frog skin with epoxygenase inhibitors econazole or proadifen almost completely inhibits the stimulatory effect of glutoxim on Na transport. The data suggest the involvement of the enzymes and/or products of epoxygenase oxidation pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in glutoxim effect on Na transport in frog skin epithelium.

Mechanism of Activation of Enteric Nociceptive Neurons via Interaction of TLR4 and TRPV1 Receptors.

Evidence obtained by immunohistochemical double labeling and confocal laser scanning microscopy suggests that capsaicin, a ligand of the TRPV1 nociceptive vanilloid receptor, increases the number of TLR4-positive neurons in the rat colon myenteric plexus. In colitis caused by trinitrobenzene sulfonate, an increase in TRPV1 expression was more significant in both plexuses. Specific inhibitor of the TLR4 (C34) pattern-recognition receptor reduces TRPV1 expression in enteric neurons of both intact rats and rats with induced acute colitis.

Trifluoperazine Attenuates Store-Dependent Ca Entry in Macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, we have shown for the first time that preincubation of macrophages with the calsequestrin inhibitor neuroleptic trifluoperazine leads to a significant inhibition of the store-dependent Ca entry induced by endoplasmic Ca-ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid in rat peritoneal macrophages. The results suggest calsequestrin involvement in the regulation of the store-dependent Ca entry in macrophages.

Phospholipase A Inhibitors Modulate the Effect of Trifluoperazine on the Intracellular Ca Concentration in Macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, it was shown for the first time that phospholipase A inhibitors 4-bromophenacyl bromide and glucocorticosteroids prednisolone and dexamethasone attenuate Ca responses induced by neuroleptic trifluoperazine in macrophages. The results suggest the involvement of phospholipase A and arachidonic acid metabolism cascade in the effect of trifluoperazine on intracellular Ca concentration in macrophages.

[Age-development changes of the sympathetic innervation of the rat stomach.].

Sympathetic innervation of the stomach is carried out by the prevertebral ganglia of the solar plexus. The localization and neurochemical composition of neurons innervating the stomach in postnatal ontogenesis in rats was studied using the method of retrograde axon transport of Fast Blue. In all animals, the celiac ganglia had more labeled neurons compared to the superior mesenteric ganglion.

[Developmental changes of neurotransmitter properties in sympathetic neurons].

Neurochemical composition of metasympathetic nervous system is characterized by a large variation. The main part of the intramural ganglionic neurons is cholinergic. Along with cholinergic neurons, there are ganglionic neurons containing serotonin, histamine, GABA, and several peptides: cholecystokinin, dynorphin, enkephalin, galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide (bombesin in mammals), neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, somatostatin, tachykinins, neurokinin A, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calcitonin gene related peptide.

The effect of chlorpromazine on intracellular Ca concentration in macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, it was shown for the first time that neuroleptic chlorpromazine causes intracellular Ca concentration increase in macrophages due to Ca mobilization from intracellular Ca stores and subsequent Ca entry from the external medium. Chlorpromazine-induced Ca entry is inhibited by La and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and is associated with Ca store depletion.

Lipoxygenases modulate the effect of glutoxim on Na transport in the frog skin epithelium.

Using voltage-clamp technique, the involvement of lipoxygenases in the effect of immunomodulatory drug glutoxim on Na transport in frog skin was investigated. It was shown for the first time that preincubation of the skin with lipoxygenase inhibitors caffeic acid, baicalein, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid significantly decreases the stimulatory effect of glutoxim on Na transport. The data suggest the involvement of lipoxygenase oxidation pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in the glutoxim effect on Na transport in frog skin epithelium.

Possible mechanism of bursting suppression in nociceptive neurons.

The use of the mathematical model of rat nociceptive neuron membrane allowed us to predict a new mechanism of suppression of ectopic bursting discharges, which arise in neurons of dorsal root ganglia and are one of the causes of neuropathic pain. The treatment with comenic acid leads to switching off the ectopic bursting discharges due to a decrease in the effective charge transferring via the activation gating structure of the slow sodium channels (Na 1.8a).

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin modulates thapsigargin-induced store-dependent Ca entry in macrophages.

Using Fura-2AM microfluorimetry, we have shown for the first time that preincubation of macrophages with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, inducing cholesterol extraction from membranes and raft disruption, leads to significant inhibition of thapsigargin-induced store-dependent Ca entry in rat peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, macrophage treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin after Ca entry mechanisms were activated by store depletion by thapsigargin application leads to potentiation of subsequent store-dependent Ca entry. The results suggest that intact lipid rafts are necessary for the activation but not the maintenance of store-dependent Ca entry in macrophages.

Antinociceptive effect of the agonist of 5-HT1A receptors buspirone in the model of abdominal pain in dogs.

We have demonstrated that activation of 5-HT1A receptors with buspirone promotes visceral analgesia in awake dogs. The administration of 0.035 mg/kg (i.

Metformin prevents hormonal and metabolic disturbances and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in non-diabetic rats.

Effects of two doses of the anti-diabetic drug, metformin (MF), on hormonal and metabolic levels of serum of non-diabetic male Wistar rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumor adenocarcinomas were studied. Carcinogenesis in the animals was also observed. Rats with DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas had elevated levels of serum glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, total cholesterol, triglycerides, catalase, malonic dialdehyde, glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase and decreased hemoglobin.

Low-molecular-weight components of the metabolome control the proliferative activity in cellular and bacterial cultures.

The effects of blood metabolites and model cell culture exometabolites found in the human and animal blood metabolomes have been assessed. Specifically, the influence of carboxylic acids that are structural analogues of amino acids and the drug Aktoflor-C have been studied. Methods of organotypic culturing of rat tissues and Escherichia coli bacterial culturing have been used.