Conversational Eyebrow Frowns Facilitate Question Identification: An Online Study Using Virtual Avatars.

Conversation is a time-pressured environment. Recognizing a social action (the ''speech act,'' such as a question requesting information) early is crucial in conversation to quickly understand the intended message and plan a timely response. Fast turns between interlocutors are especially relevant for responses to questions since a long gap may be meaningful by itself.

Facilitating question identification through natural intensity eyebrow movements in virtual avatars.

In conversation, recognizing social actions (similar to 'speech acts') early is important to quickly understand the speaker's intended message and to provide a fast response. Fast turns are typical for fundamental social actions like questions, since a long gap can indicate a dispreferred response. In multimodal face-to-face interaction, visual signals may contribute to this fast dynamic.

Specific facial signals associate with categories of social actions conveyed through questions.

The early recognition of fundamental social actions, like questions, is crucial for understanding the speaker's intended message and planning a timely response in conversation. Questions themselves may express more than one social action category (e.g.

Changes in laboratory results in transgender individuals on hormone therapy - a retrospective study and practical approach.

Objective: Interpreting laboratory results for transgender individuals who started hormone therapy requires careful consideration, specifically for analytes that have sex-specific reference intervals. In literature, conflicting data exist on the effect of hormone therapy on laboratory parameters. By studying a large cohort, we aim to define what reference category (male or female) is most appropriate to use for the transgender population over the course of gender-affirming therapy.

The effect of transdermal gender-affirming hormone therapy on markers of inflammation and hemostasis.

Background: Cardiovascular risk is increased in transgender persons using gender-affirming hormone therapy. To gain insight into the mechanism by which sex hormones affect cardiovascular risk in transgender persons, we investigated the effect of hormone therapy on markers of inflammation and hemostasis.

Methods: In this exploratory study, 48 trans women using estradiol patches plus cyproterone acetate (CPA) and 47 trans men using testosterone gel were included.

Incident Diabetes Risk Is Not Increased in Transgender Individuals Using Hormone Therapy.

Context: In trans women receiving hormone therapy, body fat and insulin resistance increases, with opposite effects in trans men. These metabolic alterations may affect the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in trans women and trans men.

Context: We aimed to compare the incidence of type 2 diabetes of adult trans women and trans men during hormone therapy with rates from their birth-assigned sex in the general population.

Mortality trends over five decades in adult transgender people receiving hormone treatment: a report from the Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria.

Background: Increased mortality in transgender people has been described in earlier studies. Whether this increased mortality is still present over the past decades is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate trends in mortality over five decades in a large cohort of adult transgender people in addition to cause-specific mortality.

Facial Signals and Social Actions in Multimodal Face-to-Face Interaction.

In a conversation, recognising the speaker's social action (e.g., a request) early may help the potential following speakers understand the intended message quickly, and plan a timely response.

Change in Visceral Fat and Total Body Fat and the Effect on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Transgender Hormone Therapy.

Introduction: Excess visceral fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and is influenced by sex hormones. Our aim was to investigate changes in visceral fat and the ratio of visceral fat to total body fat (VAT/TBF) and their associations with changes in lipids and insulin resistance after 1 year of hormone therapy in trans persons.

Methods: In 179 trans women and 162 trans men, changes in total body and visceral fat estimated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 1 year of hormone therapy were related to lipids and insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] with linear regression analysis.

Effect of gender-affirming hormone use on coagulation profiles in transmen and transwomen.

Background: The transgender population that uses gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is rapidly growing. The (side) effects of GAHT are largely unknown. We examined the effect of GAHT on coagulation parameters associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk.

Variation in sensitivity and rate of change in body composition: steps toward individualizing transgender care.

Objective: Transgender individuals sometimes report a lack of physical change during hormone treatment, such as alterations in muscle tone or fat distribution. Identifying characteristics of this subgroup could be a step toward individualizing hormone therapy in transgender individuals. Therefore, we study the variation of changes in body composition and characteristics associated with a lack of change.

[Hormone treatment of transgender people: Long-term health effects and safety].

•Transgender people experience incongruence between the sex assigned at birth and the gender with which they identify. •Transgender people can be treated with sex hormones and gender-affirming surgery to induce desired physical changes of the gender they identify with. •Treatment with sex hormones is effective; it induces the desired physical characteristics and improves self-image.

Prostate Cancer Incidence under Androgen Deprivation: Nationwide Cohort Study in Trans Women Receiving Hormone Treatment.

Context: Trans women (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity) mostly use antiandrogens combined with estrogens and can subsequently undergo vaginoplasty including orchiectomy. Because the prostate remains in situ after this procedure, trans women are still at risk for prostate cancer.

Objective: To assess the incidence of prostate cancer in trans women using hormone treatment.

Cognate facilitation in Frisian-Dutch bilingual children's sentence reading: An eye-tracking study.

Bilingual adults are faster in reading cognates than in reading non-cognates in both their first language (L1) and second language (L2). This cognate effect has been shown to be gradual: recognition was facilitated when words had higher degrees of cross-linguistic similarity. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether cognate facilitation can also be observed in bilingual children's sentence reading.

Fracture Risk in Trans Women and Trans Men Using Long-Term Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatment: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Concerns about bone health in transgender people using gender-affirming hormonal treatment (HT) exist, but the fracture risk is not known. In this nationwide cohort study, we aimed to compare the fracture incidence in transgender people using long-term HT with an age-matched reference population. All adult transgender people who started HT before 2016 at our gender-identity clinic were included and were linked to a random population-based sample of 5 age-matched reference men and 5 age-matched reference women per person.

Bone geometry and trabecular bone score in transgender people before and after short- and long-term hormonal treatment.

Background: Gender-affirming hormonal treatment (HT) in adult transgender people influences bone mineral density (BMD). Besides BMD, bone geometry and trabecular bone score are associated with fracture risk. However, it is not known whether bone geometry and TBS changes during HT.

Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and characteristics of breast cancer in transgender people in the Netherlands compared with the general Dutch population.

Design: Retrospective, nationwide cohort study.

Setting: Specialised tertiary gender clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment Induces Facial Feminization in Transwomen and Masculinization in Transmen: Quantification by 3D Scanning and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures.

Introduction: Hormone treatment induces feminization of the body in transwomen and masculinization in transmen. However, the effect of hormone treatment on facial characteristics is still unknown.

Aim: We aimed to study whether hormone treatment induces facial feminization and masculinization and how this potential change affects satisfaction and self-esteem.

Cardiometabolic Effects of Testosterone in Transmen and Estrogen Plus Cyproterone Acetate in Transwomen.

Context: The impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy (HT) on cardiometabolic parameters is largely unknown.

Objective: The effects of 1 year of treatment with oral or transdermal administration of estrogen (plus cyproterone) and transdermal or IM application of testosterone on serum lipid levels and blood pressure (BP) were assessed in transgender persons.

Design And Methods: In this prospective, observational substudy of the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence, measurements were performed before and after 12 months of HT in 242 transwomen and 188 transmen from 2010 to 2017.

The occurrence of benign brain tumours in transgender individuals during cross-sex hormone treatment.

Benign brain tumours may be hormone sensitive. To induce physical characteristics of the desired gender, transgender individuals often receive cross-sex hormone treatment, sometimes in higher doses than hypogonadal individuals. To date, long-term (side) effects of cross-sex hormone treatment are largely unknown.

Prospective evaluation of hematocrit in gender-affirming hormone treatment: results from European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence.

In trans persons on gender-affirming hormonal treatment, a decrease (in trans women) or increase (in trans men) in hematocrit is often observed. Reference ranges for evaluation of hematocrit levels in trans persons have not been established. This prospective cohort study is part of the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI).