One-Year Mission on ISS Is a Step Towards Interplanetary Missions.

Background: in the 1990s Russian cosmonauts performed six long-duration missions on Mir that went from 312 to 438 d. In 2015 a mission on the International Space Station that continued for 340 d, 8 h, and 47 min was successfully accomplished. It was a joint U.

[Comparative Analisys of Efficacy of Countermeasure Provided by Different Modes of Locomotor Training in Space Flight.].

According to the results of the experiment performed on the ISS with participation of 15 Russian cosmonauts was fulfilled the comparative analysis of two models of preventive measures used by the Russian members of the long term space flight: the intense interval training in the aerobic-anaerobic zone power (recommended model) and the continuous low-intensity exercise in the aerobic zone energy power of the muscle activity. The interval trainings in the conditions of the space flight have provided the maintenance of the level of physical performance close to the preflight level; characterized by the maximum running speed, physiological value of work and lactate level after a standard load. The putative mechanisms of counteraction to adaptive remodeling of the propulsion system in zero gravity and enhanced understanding of the laws governing the interaction of the human body with the gravitational field of the Earth are described in the paper.

[Urine protein profile in healthy people following locomotor loading with changing intensity].

The paper analyzes data on how physical exercise as a standard test of cosmonaut's performance, affects the renal function and urine protein profile. The investication involved 10 normal human subjects. Following exercise, rate of renal excretion of proteins increased.

[Comparative efficacy of different regimens of locomotor training in long-term space flights by the data of biomechanical and electromyographic parametrs of walking].

Biomechanical and electromyographic characteristics of locomotion were investigated before and after space flight on the 3rd, 7th and 10th day after landing in 18 cosmonauts--crewmembers of long-term ISS space flights. It was shown that microgravity causes the development of significant changes in biomechanical and electromyographic characteristics of walking. Decrease of the angular displacement amplitude in leg joints, reduction of the length of the double step, increase of the electromyographic cost of locomotion were recorded after flight.