Inter- and Intragrain Inhomogeneity in 2D Perovskite Thin Films Revealed by Relative Grain Orientation Imaging Using Low-Frequency Polarized Raman Microspectroscopy.

Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites make up an emerging class of semiconductor materials for optoelectronic applications such as solar cells. The grain structure of polycrystalline 2D perovskites is one of the key factors that dictate their functionality in the devices, but currently available methods for in situ, chemically specific characterization of 2D perovskite grains are scarce. Here we show that ultra-low-frequency polarized Raman microspectroscopy is a facile yet powerful tool for visualizing relative grain orientations within 2D perovskite thin films.

Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate.

Introduction: We evaluated the 3-dimensional craniofacial skeletal and pharyngeal airway morphology in growing patients with and without cleft lip and palate.

Methods: Our juvenile subjects consisted of 34 girls (ages, 9-12 years); 15 had cleft lip and palate, and 19 did not. The adolescent subjects consisted of 32 girls (ages, 13-17 years); 14 had cleft lip and palate, and 18 did not.

Three-dimensional analysis system for orthognathic surgery patients with jaw deformities.

Introduction: Traditionally, lateral and frontal cephalograms are used with facial photographs to evaluate a patient's maxillofacial skeletal and facial soft-tissue morphology. However, the enlargement and distortion of 2-dimensional radiography made it difficult to accurately conceptualize the patient's anatomy. The purpose of this article was to introduce a new method for comparing 3-dimensional (3D) standard values of the maxillofacial skeletal and facial soft-tissue morphology before and after orthognathic surgery.

[Simultaneous determination of 7 kinds of preservatives and saccharin in foods with HPLC, and identification with LC/MS/MS].

A simultaneous determination method of saccharin (SA), sorbic acid (SOA), benzoic acid (BA), p-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl (PHBA-Et), p-hydroxybenzoic acid isopropyl (PHBA-isoPr), p-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl (PHBA-Pr), p-hydroxybenzoic acid isobutyl (PHBA-isoBu) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid butyl (PHBA-Bu) in foods by HPLC was examined. A mixture of acetonitrile-water (1:1) was used to extract these additives from foods excluding liquid foods, while acetonitrile was used to extract them from liquid foods. HPLC was performed using a TSKgel ODS80Ts (4.

Topical ofloxacin for chronic suppurative otitis media and acute exacerbation of chronic otitis media: optimum duration of treatment.

Objective: To assess the optimum duration of topical ofloxacin therapy for chronic otitis media and to compare the response between patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and acute exacerbation of chronic otitis media (AE).

Study Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: Five university hospitals and 30 affiliated institutions.