Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Dynamics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Uropathogenic in Cusco, Peru.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common human infection. Antibiotic resistance in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogenic (UPEC) is a major therapeutic challenge due to limited treatment alternatives. The aim was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and dynamics of ESBL-producing UPEC isolates from UTI cases seen at a local hospital in Cusco, Peru.

TNF-alpha promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms are markers of human ancestry.

We present a map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha promoter based upon exploratory sequencing of 333 human TNF-alpha gene promoters from individuals of distinct ancestral backgrounds. We detect 10 TNF-alpha promoter SNPs that occur with distinct frequencies in populations of different ancestry. Consistent with these findings, we show that two TNF-alpha SNPs, the -243 SNP and the -856 SNP, are the first SNP markers of a sub-Saharan African-derived extended haplotype and an Amerindian HLA haplotype, respectively.