Communications of the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces and their relation to the abdominal extraperitoneal spaces: helical CT cadaver study with pelvic extraperitoneal injections.

Purpose: To evaluate flow patterns and anatomic appearances in the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces and to determine their relation to the abdominal extraperitoneal spaces.

Materials And Methods: Helical computed tomographic (CT) guidance was used for injection of up to 1,000 mL of iodinated contrast material into one pelvic extraperitoneal space in each of five cadavers. Staged-volume injections into two prevesical spaces, one paravesical space, and one perivesical space were followed by helical CT.

Anatomic communications between the three retroperitoneal spaces: determination by CT-guided injections of contrast material in cadavers.

Objective: A variety of retroperitoneal diseases such as pancreatitis, infection, and trauma may cause fluid collections in the three major retroperitoneal spaces. The purpose of our study was to elucidate flow patterns of fluid between the various compartments to assist the clinical-radiologic assessment and treatment of various retroperitoneal diseases.

Materials And Methods: In eight cadavers, CT guidance was used to selectively inject 35-1000 ml of contrast medium by hand or power injector into five perirenal, two posterior pararenal, and two anterior pararenal spaces.

Embryonal heart rate as a predictor of pregnancy outcome: a prospective analysis.

To evaluate the association between embryonal heart rate and pregnancy outcome, we prospectively followed 50 very early pregnancies (4.5 to 7.3 weeks of gestation) through the first trimester.