[Allergy and vaccination].

The article presents evidence on postvaccinal reactions to vaccinal antigens (VA), admixtures and additives. VA complications are also specified. Causes of postvaccinal reactions including allergy are analysed with a focus on Grippol vaccine used in 2006-2007.

[Effects of cytokines on the immunogenic properties of hepatitis A vaccine].

Cytokines were found, in experiments with guinea pigs, to have a stimulating action on the immunogenic potency of hepatitis A vaccine (Hep-A-in-Vac). The most pronounced effects were produced by rhIL-1b, rhTNF-alpha, thymosin-a1, the "neothym" hybrid protein and immunophan. Injections of cytokines as of adjuvants stimulated the formation of antibodies titers that exceeded 2-10-fold those observed in control animals immunized by Hep-A-in-Vac alone.

New Principles of Development of Preparations for Immunoprophylaxis.

In the development of new vaccine the fate of preparation depends on three main factors: potential to decrease morbidity and benefits from vaccine use; the risk of post vaccinal complications and possible damage from vaccination; the cost of vaccine and economic advantages. By basic parameters, dealing with safety and effectiveness, home immunological preparations, first of all vaccines used in framework of vaccination calendar, meet all the requirements of WHO. However, absolutely safe vaccines don't exist in the world.

Mediators of Immune Response.

The classification of mediators of immune response is referred to the organs, in which they are formed, to the cells-producers and target cells, to the character of their action, to the physico-chemical characteristics, to the phases and types of immune response, on which they exert their effects. The secretion of cytokines may be increased in many pathological conditions, and cytokines may appear in blood circulation. The high level of some cytokines, first of all with pro-inflammatory properties, is unfavorable sign.

[History, principles of construction of combined vaccine and problems of vaccine prophylaxis with their use].

This problem article deals with modern trends in the creation and use of combined vaccines, the advantage and drawbacks of multicomponent preparations. The data on competition, interference and synergism in the action of individual components making up combined vaccines, on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the interaction of antigens are presented. Specific features of the development of immunity induced by complex vaccines with due regard to the action of genetic and phenotypic signs, as well as the formation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.