The first case of hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome with fulminant hypercytokinemia associated with pediatric COVID-19.

Background: Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead not only to respiratory symptoms but also to neurologic symptoms with various levels of severity. After the worldwide prevalence of Omicron variant, severe neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) such as febrile seizure, demyelinating disease, and cerebrovascular disease, have been reported. However, reports of acute encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19 are quite limited.

The frequency of postoperative BNP measurement and intervention threshold of BNP concentration in pediatric cardiac intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter observational study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of postoperative BNP measurement in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU).

Methods: This was a prospective multicenter observational study. Children under 15 years old who underwent pediatric cardiac surgery were included.

Clinical significance of assessing cerebral blood volume by time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy in children with congenital heart disease.

Background: Despite providing cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO ), the lack of quantitative information for continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS) is an obstacle in evaluating cerebral hemodynamic conditions. Time-domain NIRS (TD-NIRS) provides both StO and cerebral blood volume and has recently become clinically available.

Aim: To investigate if the additional monitoring of cerebral blood volume by TD-NIRS facilitates the understanding of cerebral hemodynamic conditions in patients with congenital heart disease.

Bispectral Index™ variation during living donor liver transplantation in a child with hepatic encephalopathy: a case report.

Background: It is unclear whether perioperative Bispectral Index™ (BIS) monitoring in pediatric cases with acute liver failure (ALF) is effective for evaluation of neurological function. We describe a pediatric patient with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in whom the BIS value increased from low levels to the normal range during liver transplantation (LT).

Case Presentation: Electroencephalography in a 6-year-old comatose girl diagnosed with ALF and HE who was unresponsive to pain and auditory stimuli revealed continuous slow waves, and hence, emergency LT was performed.