Neurohistopathological findings of the brain parenchyma after long-term deep brain stimulation: Case series and systematic literature review.

Introduction: Efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) is established for several movement and psychiatric disorders. However, the mechanism of action and local tissue changes are incompletely described. We describe neurohistopathological findings of 9 patients who underwent DBS for parkinsonism and performed a systematic literature review on postmortem pathologic reports post-DBS.

Generation and validation of a D1 dopamine receptor Flpo knock-in mouse.

Background: Dopamine is a powerful neuromodulator of diverse brain functions, including movement, motivation, reward, and cognition. D1-type dopamine receptors (D1DRs) are the most prevalently expressed dopamine receptors in the brain. Neurons expressing D1DRs are heterogeneous and involve several subpopulations.

Renovating the Barnes maze for mouse models of Dementia with STARR FIELD: A 4-day protocol that probes learning rate, retention and cognitive flexibility.

Land-based mazes that require spatial cues to identify the location of a hiding-place are a low-stress method to evaluate learning rate and memory retention in mice. One version, the Barnes maze, allows quantification of naturalistic exploratory behaviors not evident in water-based tasks. As the task relies on innate behaviors, it does not require overtraining, making it more feasible to examine early learning and non-memory executive functions that are characteristic of some non-amnestic dementias.

Prefrontal projections to the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis modulate the specificity of aversive memories.

Generalizing aversive memories helps organisms avoid danger, whereas discriminating between dissimilar situations promotes opportunistic behaviors. We identified a novel pathway that controls the contextual specificity of memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance learning. Optogenetic inhibition of the rostral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-to-anteroventral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (avBST) pathway after a single footshock exacerbated stress hormonal output, and 2 d later promoted generalization to a novel context.

Incidence and Outcomes of Infectious Keratitis After Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Over 10 years From a Tertiary Care Center in South India.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the incidence and outcomes of infectious keratitis after corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) over 10 years in South India.

Methods: Patients who underwent CXL for progressive keratoconus between January 2011 and December 2020 and those with infectious keratitis were identified from an electronic database system. The clinical and microbiological profiles of those affected were extracted from the case files and included in the analysis, whereas viral keratitis was excluded.