Blood pressure responses to handgrip exercise but not apnea or mental stress are enhanced in women with a recent history of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a risk factor for future cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, limiting effective prevention strategies. Blood pressure responses to acute stimuli may reveal cardiovascular dysfunction not apparent at rest, identifying individuals at elevated cardiovascular risk.

The future of sex and gender in research.

Our understanding of sex and gender evolves. We asked scientists about their work and the future of sex and gender research. They discuss, among other things, interdisciplinary collaboration, moving beyond binary conceptualizations, accounting for intersecting factors, reproductive strategies, expanding research on sex-related differences, and sex's dynamic nature.

Guidelines on the use of sex and gender in cardiovascular research.

In cardiovascular research, sex and gender have not typically been considered in research design and reporting until recently. This has resulted in clinical research findings from which not only all women, but also gender-diverse individuals have been excluded. The resulting dearth of data has led to a lack of sex- and gender-specific clinical guidelines and raises serious questions about evidence-based care.

The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine.

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event.