The contribution of extensive chicken production systems and practices to Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya.

Newcastle disease (ND) poses a challenge especially for farmers rearing indigenous chicken under the extensive system. This is due to the lack of uniformity in practices, favoring the introduction and spread of the disease. This is worsened by the lack of information on how management practices contribute to the spread of ND.

[So-called "white bile" (clinico-experimental study)].

Based on clinical (37 cases of "white bile") and experimental (20 experiments) findings obtained by the authors, the characteristic of the so-called "white bile", observed in mechanic jaundice of various etiology, is given. It is pointed out that "white-bile" is the secretion of bile ducts and gallbladder mucous membrane--a colorless liquid, this secretion is permanently excreted and is a constant ingradient of colored bile while obturation of bile outflow ducts contributed only to its accumulation and detection.