Ventral hippocampus to nucleus accumbens shell circuit regulates approach decisions during motivational conflict.

Successful resolution of approach-avoidance conflict (AAC) is fundamentally important for survival, and its dysregulation is a hallmark of many neuropsychiatric disorders, and yet the underlying neural circuit mechanisms are not well elucidated. Converging human and animal research has implicated the anterior/ventral hippocampus (vHPC) as a key node in arbitrating AAC in a region-specific manner. In this study, we sought to target the vHPC CA1 projection pathway to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to delineate its contribution to AAC decision-making, particularly in the arbitration of learned reward and punishment signals, as well as innate signals.

An overview of intramedullary spinal cord metastases accompanied by a 2D intraoperative video.

Background: Metastatic intramedullary spinal cord metastases (IMSCMs) constitute <2% of spinal cord tumors. IMSCM is a late-stage manifestation of cancer with a highly variable presentation and poor survival rate. Here, we present an operative video involving gross total resection of an IMSCM (i.

Effects of wearable resistance during warm-up on physical fitness measures in young female athletes.

The aim of this study was to quantify the training effects of wearing calf-loaded wearable resistance (WR) during a netball specific warm-up in female netball athletes. Twenty-nine high school female netball athletes were matched for change of direction (COD) speed and randomly allocated to either WR training or an unloaded group. Both groups performed the same warm-up two times per week for 6 weeks, with the WR group wearing 1%-1.

Partitioning of fatty acids between membrane and storage lipids controls ER membrane expansion.

Biogenesis of membrane-bound organelles involves the synthesis, remodeling, and degradation of their constituent phospholipids. How these pathways regulate organelle size remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that a lipid-degradation pathway inhibits expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.

Dysregulation of brain cholesterol biosynthetic pathway following hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice.

Introduction: Brain cholesterol relies on de novo biosynthesis and is crucial for brain development. Cholesterol synthesis is a complex series of reactions that involves more than twenty enzymes to reach the final product and generates a large number of intermediate sterols along two alternate pathways. This is a highly regulated and oxygen-dependent process, and thus sensitive to hypoxia.