exchange of glucose and lactate between photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium.

Photoreceptors in the retina of a vertebrate's eye are supported by a tissue adjacent to the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE delivers glucose to the outer retina, consumes photoreceptor outer segments discs, and regenerates 11-cis-retinal. Here we address the question of whether photoreceptors also provide metabolic support to the RPE.

Immune responses drive chorioretinitis and retinal pathology after neonatal CMV infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes a common congenital infection leading to long-term neurological impairments including brain, cochlear, and ocular pathology. Infection of newborn mice with murine (M)CMV is an established model of neuropathology caused by congenital CMV infection, with recent work suggesting that brain pathology may be driven by immune responses. In the eye, however, CMV retinitis is thought to result from virus-driven necrosis in the absence of T cell responses.

Early provision of clinical information with an 'opt in' approach improves patient experience in tonsillectomy referrals.

Patients referred by their general practitioner (GP) with a definite diagnosis, for example, recurrent sore throat for consideration of tonsillectomy in adults, may wait for months without receiving any further clinical information from the hospital until their outpatient consultation. Prompt provision of condition-specific information after referral has received little attention despite considerable potential to enhance patients' understanding, thereby relieving uncertainty and anxiety, and facilitating shared decision-making.This study aimed to report the experience of patients with recurrent tonsillitis who had been sent a booklet outlining the benefits and risks of tonsillectomy immediately after GP referral.

Reassessing retinal pigment epithelial ketogenesis: Enzymatic assays for ketone body levels provide inaccurate results.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is omnivorous and can utilize a wide range of substrates for oxidative phosphorylation. Certain tissues with high mitochondrial metabolic load are capable of ketogenesis, a biochemical pathway that consolidates acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies. Earlier work demonstrated that the RPE expresses the rate-limiting enzyme for ketogenesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), and that the RPE indeed produces ketone bodies, including beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB).