H3K4me3 remodeling induced acquired resistance through O-GlcNAc transferase.

Aims: Drivers of the drug tolerant proliferative persister (DTPP) state have not been well investigated. Histone H3 lysine-4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), an active histone mark, might enable slow cycling drug tolerant persisters (DTP) to regain proliferative capacity. This study aimed to determine H3K4me3 transcriptionally active sites identifying a key regulator of DTPPs.

Gut-Evolved Induces Metabolic Changes in Neutrophils.

Serial passaging of the human fungal pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract of antibiotics-treated mice selects for virulence-attenuated strains. These gut-evolved strains protect the host from infection by a wide range of pathogens trained immunity. Here, we further investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this innate immune memory.

Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells.

The human fetal immune system begins to develop early during gestation; however, factors responsible for fetal immune-priming remain elusive. We explored potential exposure to microbial agents in utero and their contribution toward activation of memory T cells in fetal tissues. We profiled microbes across fetal organs using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected low but consistent microbial signal in fetal gut, skin, placenta, and lungs in the 2 trimester of gestation.

Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, enhances airway mitochondrial DNA release and inflammation.

Introduction: Parkin (Park2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is critical to maintain mitochondrial function by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation (mitophagy), but recent evidence suggests the involvement of Parkin in promoting inflammation. In the present study, we determined if Parkin regulates airway mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release and inflammatory responses to type 2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 and allergens.

Methods: We measured Parkin mRNA expression in brushed bronchial epithelial cells and mtDNA release in the paired bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from normal subjects and asthmatics.

Nicotine-Free e-Cigarette Vapor Exposure Stimulates IL6 and Mucin Production in Human Primary Small Airway Epithelial Cells.

Purpose: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are relatively new devices that allow the user to inhale a heated and aerosolized solution. At present, little is known about their health effects in the human lung, particularly in the small airways (<2 mm in diameter), a key site of airway obstruction and destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other acute and chronic lung conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of e-cigarettes on human distal airway inflammation and remodeling.