Longitudinal structure-function analysis of molecularly-confirmed CYP4V2 Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy.

Objectives: Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive progressive retinal disease caused by mutations in CYP4V2. We have characterised the natural history including structural and functional measures to identify potential outcome metrics for future clinical trials.

Methods: Molecularly-confirmed BCD patients with biallelic variants in CYP4V2 were retrospectively identified from Moorfields Eye Hospital (UK).

Osteocyte-Derived CaMKK2 Regulates Osteoclasts and Bone Mass in a Sex-Dependent Manner through Secreted Calpastatin.

Calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) regulates bone remodeling through its effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, its role in osteocytes, the most abundant bone cell type and the master regulator of bone remodeling, remains unknown. Here we report that the conditional deletion of CaMKK2 from osteocytes using Dentine matrix protein 1 ()-8kb- mice led to enhanced bone mass only in female mice owing to a suppression of osteoclasts.

Review of updated regulations and product license categories for veterinary vaccines in the United States.

The USDA continues to consider and implement regulatory pathways for evolving scenarios, needs, and technologies. The intent of this report is to make veterinarians and other users of veterinary biologics aware of recent regulatory additions and changes, particularly in the area of veterinary vaccines. These include new licensure pathways to increase product availability, standardization of labeling, and increased transparency regarding adverse event reports and the efficacy and safety studies accepted by the USDA for product licensure.