[Endoscopically non-removable stones of the common bile duct].

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of long-term biliary stenting in the treatment of endoscopically intractable common bile duct stones.

Material And Methods: The study enrolled 247 patients with endoscopically non-removable bile duct calculi («difficult» choledocholithiasis) divided into two comparable groups. The main group included 129 patients who underwent biliary stenting with original stents with a nanocarbon inert coating (RF patent No.

Utilization of a model hepatotoxic compound, diglycolic acid, to evaluate liver Organ-Chip performance and in vitro to in vivo concordance.

Microphysiological systems (MPS) are emerging as potentially predictive models for drug safety and toxicity assessment. To assess the utility of these systems, the Food and Drug Administration partnered with Emulate to evaluate the Human Liver Organ-Chip in a regulatory setting. Diglycolic acid (DGA), a known hepatotoxin, was evaluated in the Liver-Chip and compared to a multi-well plate format to assess the Liver-Chip's capabilities, limitations, overall performance, and concordance with other in vivo and in vitro studies.

C. elegans Development and Activity Test detects mammalian developmental neurotoxins.

Due to the high cost and long duration of traditional testing methods for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), only a small fraction of chemicals that humans are exposed to have been assessed for DNT activity. In order to ensure public safety, human-predictive methods for DNT detection that are faster and less resource intensive are urgently required. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, a novel worm Development and Activity test (wDAT) has been designed that uses a relatively inexpensive small-animal activity tracker and takes less than 4 days to complete.

Diglycolic acid induces HepG2/C3A liver cell toxicity in vitro.

Carboxymethyl starches are added to food products for thickening or tablet binding/filling purposes. Although they lack toxicity, their synthesis creates the chemical byproduct diglycolic acid (DGA), which is difficult to eliminate and whose toxicity is in question. A rare case of an accidental direct exposure to extremely high concentrations of DGA in a person revealed that DGA has the potential to be toxic to several organs, with the kidneys and liver being the most affected organs.

Comparison of diglycolic acid exposure to human proximal tubule cells and rat kidneys .

Diglycolic acid (DGA) is present in trace amounts in our food supply and is classified as an indirect food additive linked with the primary GRAS food additive carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Carboxymethyl starches are used as a filler/binder excipient in dietary supplement tablets and a thickening ingredient in many other processed foods. We sought to utilize the human proximal tubule HK-2 cell line as an cellular model system to evaluate its acute nephrotoxicity of DGA.