Valproate Administration to Adult 5xFAD Mice Upregulates Expression of Neprilysin and Improves Olfaction and Memory.

It is well known that the development of neurodegeneration, and especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), is often accompanied by impaired olfaction which precedes memory loss. A neuropeptidase neprilysin (NEP)-a principal amyloid-degrading enzyme in the brain-was also shown to be involved in olfactory signalling. Previously we have demonstrated that 5xFAD mice develop olfactory deficit by the age of 6 months which correlated with reduced NEP expression in the brain areas involved in olfactory signalling.

Neuroadaptive Biochemical Mechanisms of Remote Ischemic Conditioning.

This review summarizes the currently known biochemical neuroadaptive mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning. In particular, it focuses on the significance of the pro-adaptive effects of remote ischemic conditioning which allow for the prevention of the neurological and cognitive impairments associated with hippocampal dysregulation after brain damage. The neuroimmunohumoral pathway transmitting a conditioning stimulus, as well as the molecular basis of the early and delayed phases of neuroprotection, including anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory components, are also outlined.

Intermittent Hypoxic Training as an Effective Tool for Increasing the Adaptive Potential, Endurance and Working Capacity of the Brain.

This review is devoted to the phenomenon of intermittent hypoxic training and is aimed at drawing the attention of researchers to the necessity of studying the mechanisms mediating the positive, particularly neuroprotective, effects of hypoxic training at the molecular level. The review briefly describes the historical aspects of studying the beneficial effects of mild hypoxia, as well as the use of hypoxic training in medicine and sports. The physiological mechanisms of hypoxic adaptation, models of hypoxic training and their effectiveness are summarized, giving examples of their beneficial effects in various organs including the brain.

Lactoferrin Induces Erythropoietin Synthesis and Rescues Cognitive Functions in the Offspring of Rats Subjected to Prenatal Hypoxia.

The protective effects of recombinant human lactoferrin rhLF (branded "CAPRABEL™") on the cognitive functions of rat offspring subjected to prenatal hypoxia (7% O, 3 h, 14th day of gestation) have been analyzed. About 90% of rhLF in CAPRABEL was iron-free (apo-LF). Rat dams received several injections of 10 mg of CAPRABEL during either gestation (before and after the hypoxic attack) or lactation.