Investigating the impact of steroid dependence on gastrointestinal surgical outcomes from UK Biobank.

Although corticosteroids are an important treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, many subjects develop dependence, leading to serious long-term side effects. We applied causal inference analyses to investigate the length of steroid use on reoperations in IBD patients. We identified subjects in the UK Biobank general practice dataset with at least one major GI surgery and followed them for at least 5 years to evaluate subsequent operations.

Attention and the forward testing effect.

Memory retrieval affects subsequent memory in both positive (e.g., the testing effect) and negative (e.

Prior knowledge and new learning: An experimental study of domain-specific knowledge.

It is commonly claimed that higher domain knowledge enhances new learning-the knowledge-is-power hypothesis. However, a recent meta-analysis (Simonsmeier et al., 2022) has challenged this idea, finding no overall relationship between prior knowledge and new learning across hundreds of highly variable effect sizes.

Metamemory judgments and design effects: Judgment of learning (JOL) reactivity in free recall is affected by study list structure.

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are designed to reveal processes of memory monitoring but recent research has shown that JOLs can also have reactive effects on memory performance. A recently proposed account for JOL reactivity is based on the item-specific/relational framework, a general account of memory encoding that has been applied to a wide range of memory phenomena. Importantly, the effects of these phenomena on free recall performance are generally moderated by list composition: the effects are stronger in mixed than pure list manipulations - that is, these phenomena exhibit design effects.