Analysis of near full-length genome sequences of HIV type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Brazil reveals their independent origins and their lack of relationship to CRF12_BF.

We analyze the recombinant structures and phylogenetic relationships of nine near full-length genome sequences of HIV-1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Brazil, eight of them newly derived. These were obtained by PCR amplification from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) DNA or PBMCs culture supernantant RNA. The recombinants exhibited unique mosaic structures, except two viruses with a single near coincident breakpoint.

Detection and quantification of multiple drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by an oligonucleotide ligation assay.

Objectives: To develop an assay for the early detection and quantification of minor human immunodeficiency virus-1 populations bearing multiple drug resistance (MDR) mutations.

Study Design/methods: The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) is based on ligation of probe and detector oligonucleotides annealed to a polymerase chain reaction amplicon strand with detection by an enzyme immunoassay. In OLA-MDR, oligonucleotides were designed to detect MDR mutations.

HIV-1 genetic diversity in Galicia Spain: BG intersubtype recombinant viruses circulating among injecting drug users.

Background: The HIV-1 epidemics in Western Europe are dominated by B subtype viruses. Non-B subtype is largely restricted to individuals infected outside of Europe and to their direct contacts and is generally acquired by the heterosexual route.

Methods: Protease and a segment of reverse transcriptase were amplified and sequenced from plasma RNA in 451 individuals from seven cities of Galicia, north-western Spain.