High reactive oxygen species produced from fluorescence carbon dots for anticancer and photodynamic therapies: A review.

High-photoluminescence carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from various sources and various methods using two approaches, namely bottom up and top down, with emission-dependent excitation wavelength. Electronic transition from the higher-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) state to the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) state, surface defect states, wider excitation spectrum, higher quantum yield, efficient energy transfer, and element doping affected the fluorescence properties of CDs. Using 102 references listed in this review, the authors studied the relationship between fluorescence mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and materials anticancer applications.

Association of BMI with risk of CVD mortality and all-cause mortality.

Objective: To determine the relationship between BMI and risk of CVD mortality and all-cause mortality among Malaysian adults.

Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Participants were followed up for 5 years from 2006 to 2010.

Prevalence and predictors of recent illness and injury among the Malaysian population.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that injury will be the second leading cause of morbidity of disease burden worldwide by the year 2020. We conducted a community-based survey to determine the prevalence of recent illness and injury, in Malaysia. The survey was a cross sectional population-based household survey conducted using face to face interviews.

Heaviness of smoking index, number of cigarettes smoked and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence among adult male Malaysians.

Two methods of identifying smokers with high nicotine dependence, the heaviness of smoking index (HSI) and number of cigarettes per day (CPD) were compared with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). The HSI, CPD and the FTND were administered to 316 adult Malaysian male, daily smokers aged between 25-64 years old in the Malaysian NCD Surveillance-1 Survey using a two-stage stratified random sampling of enumeration blocks and living quarters, via an interview based on a validated questionnaire. The cut-off point for classification of high nicotine dependence on the HSI was a score of four or higher, and for the heavy smoking category, smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day.

Sensitivity and specificity of waist circumference as a single screening tool for identification of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adults.

Generalised obesity and central obesity are risk factors for Type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Waist circumference (WC) has been suggested as a single screening tool for identification of overweight or obese subjects in lieu of the body mass index (BMI) for weight management in public health program. Currently, the recommended waist circumference cut-off points of > or = 94cm for men and > or =80cm for women (waist action level 1) and > or = 102cm for men and > or = 88cm for women (waist action level 2) used for identification of overweight and obesity are based on studies in Caucasian populations.