The human I alpha 1 and I alpha 2 germline promoter elements: proximal positive and distal negative elements may regulate the tissue specific expression of C alpha 1 and C alpha 2 germline transcripts.

Treatment of human splenic B lymphocytes with the mitogen Branhamella catarrhalis (BC) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) induces expression of germline Ig C alpha transcripts and class switching to this isotype. To further characterize the molecular mechanism by which TGF-beta 1 and mitogenic signals regulate the expression of unrearranged C alpha 1 and C alpha 2 genes, we have characterized the promoter elements that are responsible for the transcriptional activation of their corresponding germline genes using transient expression assays. We report here that both in the I alpha 1 and the I alpha 2 regions, maximal phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and TGF-beta 1 responsiveness of the promoters can be conferred by 327 bp spanning the transcription initiation sites and a previously identified phylogenetically conserved region.