The South African guidelines on enuresis: 2024 update.

Background: Enuresis, also referred to as nocturnal enuresis, is characterised by discrete episodes of urinary incontinence during sleep in children aged ≥5 years in the absence of congenital or acquired neurological disorders. This guideline is an update of the 2017 version.

Recommendations: The guideline provides recommendations and suggestions for various therapeutic options for enuresis available in South Africa (SA).

The burden of poisoning in children hospitalised at a tertiary-level hospital in South Africa.

Introduction: Globally, childhood poisoning, accounts for a significant proportion of emergency department admissions. There is a paucity of data from low- and middle-income countries on poisoning in children.

Objective: To describe the incidence, case fatality rate, and types of poisoning in children admitted to a tertiary-level hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.

The treatment of aggressive prolactinomas with everolimus.

Introduction: Aggressive prolactinomas are life-limiting tumors without a standard of care treatment option after the oral alkylator, temozolomide, fails to provide tumor control.

Methods: We reviewed an institutional database of pituitary tumors for patients with aggressive prolactinomas who progressed following treatment with a dopamine receptor agonist, radiotherapy and temozolomide. Within this cohort, we identified four patients who were treated with everolimus and we report their response to this therapy.

Perspectives: Neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI) in low and middle income countries (LMIC).

Neonatal AKI (NAKI) remains a challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this perspective, we address issues of diagnosis and risk factors particular to less well-resourced regions. The conservative management pre-kidney replacement therapy (pre-KRT) is prioritized and challenges of KRT are described with improvised dialysis techniques also included.