Transnasal butorphanol in the treatment of acute migraine.

We studied transnasal butorphanol (Stadol NS) for pain relief during acute migraine in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial using ambulatory patients at 10 geographically diverse headache centers. Patients were volunteer adults diagnosed with migraine with or without aura by International Headache Society criteria. One hundred fifty-seven patients completed the study.

Relation between red nucleus discharge and movement parameters in trained macaque monkeys.

Correlation and regression analyses were performed on thirty-three of the magnocellular red nucleus cells described in the previous paper. We sought to test for reliable relations between the parameters of individual tracking movements and corresponding bursts of neural discharge. High correlations were found between the following burst and movement parameters: (i) burst latency versus movement latency; (ii) burst duration versus movement duration; (iii) burst frequency versus movement velocity and (iv) number of spikes in the burst versus movement amplitude.

Magnocellular red nucleus activity during different types of limb movement in the macaque monkey.

Three hundred and thirty-four neurones located in the magnocellular division of red nucleus (r.n.m.

Hepatic-vagal and gustatory afferent interactions in the brainstem of the rat.

In a series of combined electrophysiological and peroxidase histochemical studies, we have established that first-order hepatic and gustatory afferents project to separate regions of the solitary nucleus (NST) and do not converge upon neurons within this structure. Additionally, we have found that hepatic vagal afferent fibers travel in the left cervical vagal trunk and project to the postero-medial division of the left NST. Very small (100-200 micron diameter) iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into physiologically identified zones of the NST reveal that the immediately subjacent parvocellular reticular formation sends efferents to and receives afferents from both the hepatic and gustatory divisions of this nucleus.

Velocity signals related to hand movements recorded from red nucleus neurons in monkeys.

Neural activity of the red nucleus was studied in monkeys trained to operate devices requiring shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, or finger movements. Single cell activity was more closely related to movements of the hand and fingers than to movements of the other joints. Discharge consistently preceded movements by a constant time interval; duration of discharge was highly correlated with the duration of movement; and discharge rate was highly correlated with movement velocity.