Improving outpatient clinic experience: the future of chronic kidney disease care and associated multimorbidity.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect more than 2.5 million adults in England, and this is expected to rise to 4.2 million by 2036 (1).

Inter-rater agreement when linking stroke interventions to the extended international classification of functioning, disability and health core set for stroke.

Purpose: To uncover the factors that influence inter-rater agreement when extracting stroke interventions from patient records and linking them to the relevant categories in the Extended International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set for Stroke.

Method: Using 10 patient files, two linkers independently extracted interventions and linked the target of the intervention to relevant functions in the ICF. The percentage agreement of extracted interventions and the ICF codes was calculated.

Observational cohort study with internal and external validation of a predictive tool for identification of children in need of hospital admission from the emergency department: the Paediatric Admission Guidance in the Emergency Department (PAGE) score.

Objectives: To devise an assessment tool to aid discharge and admission decision-making in relation to children and young people in hospital urgent and emergency care facilities, and thereby improve the quality of care that patients receive, using a clinical prediction modelling approach.

Design: Observational cohort study with internal and external validation of a predictive tool.

Setting: Two general emergency departments (EDs) and an urgent care centre in the North of England.

Inter-rater reliability of paediatric emergency assessment: physiological and clinical features.

Objective: The Paediatric Admission Guidance in the Emergency Department (PAGE) score is an assessment tool currently in development that helps predict hospital admission using components including patient characteristics, vital signs (heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation) and clinical features (eg, breathing, behaviour and nurse judgement). It aims to assist in safe admission and discharge decision making in environments such as emergency departments and urgent care centres. Determining the inter-rater reliability of scoring tools such as PAGE can be difficult.

Opt-out Consent in Children's Emergency Medicine Research.

There is global acceptance that individuals should be allowed to decide whether or not to take part in research studies, and to do so after being informed about the nature of the research and the risk that might attach to participation. The process of providing detailed information before seeking consent (formalized by signatures) in advance of undertaking research procedures may not be possible in some circumstances, and sometimes an amended approach may be adopted. The use of opt-out consent has been recognized as a valid and ethical means of recruiting participants to studies particularly with large samples and where the risk to participants is small.