Variable Craniofacial Shape and Development among Multiple Cave-Adapted Populations of .

is a freshwater fish species with blind cave morphs and sighted surface morphs. Like other troglodytic species, independently evolved cave-dwelling populations share several stereotypic phenotypes, including the expansion of certain sensory systems, as well as the loss of eyes and pigmentation. Here, we assess the extent to which there is also parallelism in craniofacial development across cave populations.

Levodopa reduces consumption of multiple classes of addictive substances in rats.

Dopamine transmission is implicated in aberrant behaviors associated with substance use disorders. Previous research revealed a causal link between excessive drug consumption and the loss of dopamine signaling to stimuli associated with psychostimulant use. The emerging change in dopamine signaling is specific to stimuli associated with the substance rather than the pharmacological properties of the drug itself.

Ontogeny and social context regulate the circadian activity patterns of Lake Malawi cichlids.

Activity patterns tend to be highly stereotyped and critical for executing many different behaviors including foraging, social interactions, and predator avoidance. Differences in the circadian timing of locomotor activity and rest periods can facilitate habitat partitioning and the exploitation of novel niches. As a consequence, closely related species often display highly divergent activity patterns, suggesting that shifts from diurnal to nocturnal behavior, or vice versa, are critical for survival.

Changing the incentive structure of social media platforms to halt the spread of misinformation.

The powerful allure of social media platforms has been attributed to the human need for social rewards. Here, we demonstrate that the spread of misinformation on such platforms is facilitated by existing social 'carrots' (e.g.